Ringi

Calls ChIP-seq peaks with MACS3, MACS2, HOMER, or SPP across narrow (TF) and broad (histone) modes. Handles input control matching, fragment-size modeling vs --nomodel, effective genome size, ENCODE-style IDR vs naive overlap, hyper-ChIPable artifacts, and aligner-specific shifts. Use when calling peaks from ChIP-seq alignments, choosing between narrow vs broad mode for a histone mark, deciding model vs nomodel for low-depth data, applying ENCODE pseudoreplicate IDR, or reconciling MACS vs HOMER vs SPP results.

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Decompose total effects into direct and indirect paths through mediators using mediation, CMAverse 4-way, HIMA/HIMA2 high-dimensional, BAMA, two-step / MVMR mediation, or double-ML medDML. Use when testing whether a molecular phenotype (expression, methylation, protein) mediates a treatment-outcome relationship, decomposing exposure-mediator interaction via VanderWeele 4-way, screening high-dimensional EWAS mediators, or running MR-based mediation when sequential ignorability is implausible.

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Identifies super-enhancers from H3K27ac, MED1, or BRD4 ChIP-seq using ROSE, ROSE2, LILY, HOMER -style super, and ENCODE dELS cross-referencing. Handles peak stitching parameters, ranking choices, hockey-stick inflection, marker choice (H3K27ac vs MED1/BRD4), and cross-condition comparison with spike-in normalization. Constructs core regulatory circuitry (Saint-Andre 2016) from SE-encoded TFs. Use when identifying cell-identity / cancer-associated regulatory domains, comparing super-enhancers between conditions, identifying master transcription factor networks, or predicting BET-inhibitor responsiveness.

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Calculates tumor mutational burden from WES/WGS/panel data with Friends of Cancer Research harmonization equations, per-assay calibration (FDA 10/Mb = 7.8 TSO500 = 8.4 OncomineTML), synonymous/indel/germline filtering, hypermutator tiering, blood TMB, and integration with HLA-LOH and neoantigen quality (Luksza 2017 fitness). Use when assessing ICI eligibility under tumor-specific cutoffs (McGrail 2021), comparing tissue vs bTMB, or auditing TMB-H reporting against ESMO 2024 and FDA pembrolizumab pan-tumor 2020.

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Designs adaptive clinical trials including group-sequential (O'Brien-Fleming, Pocock, Lan-DeMets spending), sample-size re-estimation (blinded Friede-Kieser, unblinded Cui-Hung-Wang, Mehta-Pocock promising zone), seamless Phase 2/3 with treatment-arm selection, population enrichment, and response-adaptive randomisation. Covers FDA 2019 Final Adaptive Designs Guidance, FDA 2022 Master Protocols, and ICH E20 Step 2b/3 draft (June 2025, NOT final). Use when planning interim analyses, sample-size re-estimation, or master/platform-trial designs.

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Normalizes ChIP-seq data using exogenous spike-in (ChIP-Rx with Drosophila chromatin per Orlando 2014 / Egan 2016; E. coli carryover for CUT&RUN/CUT&Tag). Distinguishes RRPM from Rx-Input scaling, integrates with DiffBind / DESeq2 / edgeR / csaw via sizeFactors and DiffBind library-size vectors, applies the Patel et al 2024 *Nat Biotechnol* failure-mode framework, and validates that normalization is applied at the read level (not peak counts). Use when global signal shifts are expected (HDACi, BETi, EZH2i, dosage, target knockdown), when ChIPseqSpikeInFree detects post-hoc shifts, or when validating internal-control regions before publication.

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Queries myvariant.info BioThings aggregator for ClinVar, gnomAD, dbSNP, dbNSFP, COSMIC, CADD, and CIViC annotations in batched, version-tracked requests. Use when annotating variant lists from multiple databases simultaneously without managing per-source APIs, and when reproducibility-grade analyses require recording source data versions via _meta.

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Reads, validates, and prepares CDISC SDTM and ADaM clinical trial data for analysis. Covers SDTM domain joins (DM, AE, EX, VS, LB, DS), ADaM architecture (ADSL, BDS, OCCDS, ADTTE) with traceability, treatment-emergent AE conventions, baseline derivation, SUPPQUAL/NSV handling, Define-XML 2.1, and Pinnacle 21 / CORE validation. Use when working with clinical trial datasets in CDISC SDTM/ADaM format, preparing analysis-ready data, or validating for regulatory submission.

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Process many sequence files in batch (count, merge, split, convert, summarize) with memory-safe streaming and on-disk indexing using Biopython, pysam, or pyfastx. Use when iterating over a directory of FASTA/FASTQ files, merging or splitting datasets, building random access across many or huge files, or automating per-file operations without exhausting RAM.

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Bulk-query Ensembl BioMart (and other BioMart instances) for cross-database ID mapping, gene/transcript/exon coordinates, and ortholog tables. Use when batch-converting Ensembl IDs to other namespaces (HGNC, RefSeq, UniProt, Entrez), pulling gene coordinate tables for thousands of genes, building ortholog wide-tables across species, or replacing slow Ensembl REST loops with one-shot bulk export. Encodes BioMart's XML query format, R biomaRt vs Python pybiomart trade-off, mart-vs-dataset hierarchy, and the URL endpoint that's BioMart-specific (separate from rest.ensembl.org).

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Run remote BLAST searches against NCBI servers using Biopython Bio.Blast.NCBIWWW. Use when identifying unknown sequences, finding homologs, picking the correct BLAST program (blastn/blastp/blastx/tblastn/tblastx/psiblast/megablast/dc-megablast), interpreting Karlin-Altschul E-values, avoiding the max_target_seqs trap (Shah 2019), choosing composition-based statistics, or limiting searches by organism. Covers RID lifecycle, database choice (nt/nr/refseq_select/swissprot), word-size and CBS taxonomy.

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Test whether two or more traits share a causal variant at a locus using Bayesian colocalization (coloc.abf, coloc.susie, HyPrColoc, moloc, eCAVIAR, SMR/HEIDI, PWCoCo, SharePro). Use when integrating GWAS with eQTL/sQTL/pQTL/mQTL, distinguishing shared causal variants from LD-driven coincidence, handling allelic heterogeneity, choosing between single-causal vs multi-causal methods, picking PP.H4 thresholds, running sensitivity over p12, or harmonising summary statistics for colocalization.

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Maps GWAS-implicated loci to candidate effector (causal) genes by integrating variant-to-gene (V2G) features via Open Targets L2G (Mountjoy 2021), MAGMA gene-based association (de Leeuw 2015), FUMA SNP2GENE, cS2G combined SNP-to-gene scores (Gazal 2022), Polygenic Priority Scores (PoPS, Weeks 2023), FLAMES, INQUISIT, DEPICT, and enhancer-gene predictors (ABC, ENCODE-rE2G). Use when narrowing a GWAS lead locus to a candidate causal gene, picking between proximity, eQTL-based, and similarity-based prioritizers, integrating multi-evidence streams (fine-mapping, colocalization, ABC enhancer-gene, distance, chromatin), reconciling discordant L2G vs PoPS calls, prioritizing tissue-specific eQTL evidence, or triangulating across at least three independent lines of evidence for a publication-grade effector-gene nomination.

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Resolves GWAS associations to candidate causal variants and credible sets via SuSiE, susie_rss, FINEMAP, CAVIAR, DAP-G, PAINTOR, PolyFun, SuSiEx, MultiSuSiE, and FOCUS. Use when narrowing a GWAS lead SNP to a 95 percent credible set, choosing between in-sample and reference LD, calibrating non-sparse loci with SuSiE-inf or FINEMAP-inf, integrating functional priors via PolyFun, fine-mapping across ancestries with SuSiEx, diagnosing LD mismatch via estimate_s_rss and kriging_rss, handling HLA or long-range LD, or feeding credible sets into coloc.susie for colocalization.

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Estimates SNP heritability and partitions it across functional annotations, cell types, and loci from GWAS summary statistics or individual-level genotypes. Implements LDSC, stratified LDSC with the baseline-LD model, Finucane 2018 cell-type prioritization, LDAK SumHer, HDL, HESS local heritability, BOLT-REML, GCTA-GREML, graphREML, and Popcorn cross-population genetic correlation. Use when computing total h2_SNP from summary stats, partitioning heritability across functional categories, prioritizing trait-relevant tissues or cell types from ENCODE/Roadmap chromatin marks, reconciling LDSC vs LDAK enrichment estimates, computing local heritability with HESS, estimating genetic correlation between traits, or producing publication-grade enrichment with calibrated sensitivity to model assumptions.

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Detect and adjust for horizontal pleiotropy in two-sample Mendelian randomization by distinguishing uncorrelated (UHP) from correlated (CHP) pleiotropy and choosing among Egger, MR-PRESSO, MR-RAPS, CAUSE, LHC-MR, LCV, MR-Clust, MR-Mix, and contamination-mixture methods. Use when validating an MR causal claim, running the STROBE-MR sensitivity battery, suspecting a shared heritable confounder, working under weak-instrument or polygenic-exposure regimes, or reconciling discordant estimates across robust methods.

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Runs cis-pQTL Mendelian randomization for drug-target validation using UKB-PPP (Olink), deCODE (SomaScan), Fenland, INTERVAL, ARIC, and FinnGen-PPP proteomes plus colocalization triangulation, phenome-wide on-target adverse-effect scans, cross-platform Olink/SomaScan replication, and PAV (protein-altering variant) sensitivity. Use when nominating or de-risking a drug target from plasma-proteome GWAS, mimicking pharmacological inhibition via cis-pQTL instruments, separating shared-causal from LD-confounded signal under the Schmidt 2020 cis-MR framework, screening on-target adverse phenotypes pheWAS-style, or producing publication-grade STROBE-MR plus PP.H4 evidence for a target gene.

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Segments the genome into chromatin states from combinatorial histone modification and chromatin factor ChIP-seq data. Uses ChromHMM (multivariate HMM on binarized signal, v1.27), Segway (Dynamic Bayesian Network on continuous signal), EpiSegMix (flexible-distribution HMM with duration modeling, 2024), EpiLogos (multi-biosample visualization), IDEAS (cell-type-aware joint), and full-stack ChromHMM (Vu Ernst 2022) for cross-cell-type segmentations. Handles state-count selection (15 vs 18 vs 25 states), binarization choice, OverlapEnrichment / NeighborhoodEnrichment downstream analysis, and cross-biosample integration. Use when learning chromatin states from a histone mark panel, characterizing learned states by genomic feature enrichment, or comparing chromatin landscapes across cell types.

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Analyzes CUT&RUN (Skene Henikoff 2017) and CUT&Tag (Kaya-Okur 2019) chromatin profiling data. Handles SEACR vs MACS2 peak calling (with the btaf375 2025 benchmark guidance), pA-MNase vs pA-Tn5 vs pAG-Tn5 chimera differences, E. coli spike-in carryover normalization, IgG-only control logic (no input), characteristic fragment-size signatures (25-75 bp for CUT&Tag), and lower depth requirements (5M reads typical vs 25M for ChIP). Use when calling peaks from CUT&RUN/CUT&Tag, scaling by E. coli spike-in carryover, choosing SEACR norm mode, or comparing CUT&RUN/Tag results to traditional ChIP.

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Identifies differentially bound ChIP-seq regions between conditions using DiffBind, csaw (sliding windows), DESeq2/edgeR/PyDESeq2 on count matrices, NormR (control-aware), or MAnorm2. Distinguishes three distinct normalization problems (composition bias, trended bias, global shifts) and matches each to its appropriate fix including spike-in scaling. Use when comparing ChIP-seq binding between experimental conditions, choosing normalization for global vs local changes, integrating spike-in data, or reconciling DiffBind/DESeq2 disagreement.

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Annotates ChIP-seq peaks to genomic features, nearest genes, ENCODE candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs), and regulatory domains. Uses ChIPseeker (R), HOMER annotatePeaks.pl (CLI), pyranges (Python), GREAT/rGREAT (regulatory domain gene-set enrichment), ChIP-Enrich (locus-length-adjusted), ENCODE SCREEN cCRE classification (PLS/pELS/dELS/CA-CTCF/CA-H3K4me3), and ENCODE-rE2G for cell-type-specific enhancer-gene linking. Handles nearest-TSS vs host-gene ambiguity, promoter window definition, and feature priority. Use when assigning genomic context to peaks, linking enhancer peaks to target genes, classifying peaks against ENCODE cCRE registry, or running gene-set enrichment on peak-associated genes.

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Assesses ChIP-seq quality across antibody specificity, fragmentation, enrichment, replicate concordance, and library complexity. Computes FRiP, NSC/RSC (phantompeakqualtools), library complexity (NRF/PBC1/PBC2), deepTools plotFingerprint (JS distance, AUC, synthetic JS), ChIPQC, IDR with ENCODE Nself/Nt rules, and detects hyper-ChIPable artifacts. Use when validating an antibody, diagnosing failed peak calls, deciding whether to proceed with downstream analysis, grading against ENCODE thresholds, or auditing replicate concordance.

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Visualizes ChIP-seq data using deepTools (computeMatrix, plotHeatmap, plotProfile, bamCoverage, bamCompare), pyGenomeTracks (modern INI-driven track plots), Gviz (R browser-style), EnrichedHeatmap (ComplexHeatmap-based), ChIPseeker tag heatmaps, and IGV batch screenshots. Handles bigWig normalization choices (CPM, BPM, RPGC, spike-in scaled), bamCompare operations (log2 ratio, subtract) with SES scaling, k-means clustering of heatmaps for biological subgrouping, and spike-in-scaled tracks for global-shift experiments. Use when generating publication-quality ChIP-seq signal heatmaps, profile plots, genome-browser tracks, or comparing samples visually.

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Designs Bayesian clinical trials including Phase I dose-finding (BOIN, CRM, EWOC, mTPI-2), meta-analytic-predictive (MAP) priors with robust mixtures for external data borrowing, EXNEX for basket trials, hierarchical models for safety AE (Berry-Berry), Bayesian platform trials (I-SPY 2, GBM AGILE, REMAP-CAP), and posterior probability stopping rules. Covers FDA Bayesian Devices Guidance (2010), FDA Bayesian Methodology in Drugs Draft (January 2026), BOIN Fit-for-Purpose qualification (December 2021), and Project Optimus dose-optimisation. Use when designing dose-finding studies, platform trials, or sensitivity analyses with informative priors.

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