Clean Code — Refactor & Challenge

Source: Clean Code (Robert C. Martin, 2008) + Clean Coder (2011).

When to activate

• REFACTOR phase of the TDD cycle (after GREEN, before the next RED)
• Implementation self-review (end of feature-implementer workflow)
• Code review of a PR/MR
• Explicit request for simplification, readability, "challenge this code"

Scope vs neighboring skills

This skill NEVER duplicates the content of /solid or /anti-overengineering. It complements them.

Concern	Skill to use
Responsibility architecture (SRP, OCP, LSP, ISP, DIP)	/solid
Should I add a pattern? (YAGNI, KISS, pragmatic architecture)	/anti-overengineering
Readability, naming, functions, smells, refactor heuristics	/clean-code (here)

Once the pattern is decided (/anti-overengineering) and responsibilities are placed (/solid), /clean-code makes intent self-evident.

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The 5 pillars

1. SOLID Design — delegated to /solid

Activate /solid for SRP, OCP, LSP, ISP, DIP. Mentioned here only as a structuring reminder: clean code rests on well-placed responsibilities.

2. Readability first

"The ratio of time spent reading to writing code is well over 10:1. We are constantly reading old code as part of the effort to write new code." — Robert C. Martin

Naming (chap. 2)

• Intention-revealing: the name should be enough to understand. If you write a comment to explain, the name is broken.
  • OK daysSinceLastReview — KO d, days, elapsed
  • OK filterMergedPullRequests(prs) — KO processPrs(prs, true)
• No disinformation: accountList must be a List, otherwise accounts.
• Perceptible distinction: getActiveAccount() vs getActiveAccounts() is a time bomb. Prefer getCurrentAccount() vs getAllActiveAccounts().
• Searchable: short names only for short scopes (loop index = index in a 3-line loop — not i even though short).
• No encoding: no Hungarian notation (strName, bIsActive), no I prefix for interfaces.
• Class names = nouns (ReviewContext, ThreadFetchGateway), method names = verbs (save, fetchByCriteria).
• Full words only (project rule, coding-standards.md): no ex, i, ctx, gw. Always existing, index, context, gateway.

Functions (chap. 3)

• Small: < 20 lines. Ideally < 10. If you have to scroll to read the function, it's too long.
• Do one thing: if you can extract a sub-function with a name that is not a simple rephrasing of the parent function, the original was doing too much.
• One level of abstraction per function: don't mix business orchestration and string manipulation in the same function.
• Few arguments: 0-2 ideal, 3 = challenge it, 4+ = mandatory refactor (parameter object).
• No flag arguments: render(isPublic: true) → renderPublic() + renderPrivate().
• No hidden side effects: a function named checkPassword(user, password) that ALSO resets the session is a trap.
• Command-Query Separation: either the function modifies state, or it returns info. Not both.
• Prefer exceptions to error codes: for invariants, throw a typed BusinessRuleViolation. No return null or return { error: ... } smuggled as control flow. Use discriminated unions ({ status: 'success' | 'failed' }) for expected outcomes (cf. coding-standards.md § Error Typing).

Comments (chap. 4)

"The proper use of comments is to compensate for our failure to express ourself in code." — Martin

• Project rule (CLAUDE.md): zero comments except if vital. Self-documenting code first.
• Acceptable:
  • Documented workaround (ticket link, upstream bug link)
  • Non-obvious invariant that cannot be encoded in the type system
  • Warning about a non-local consequence (e.g. "Modifying here impacts X")
  • JSDoc on public APIs (not considered a comment)
• Forbidden:
  • Modification journal (// 2026-03-12: added X)
  • Closing comments (} // end if)
  • Commented-out dead code (git log is the history)
  • Positional comments (// ============ SECTION ============)
  • Code rephrased in prose (// fetch the user above const user = ...)

Formatting (chap. 5)

• Variables close to their usage: no grouped declarations at the top of a function.
• Newspaper metaphor: top of the file = overview (main exports), bottom = details (private helpers).
• Top-down readability: calling functions above called functions.

3. Sustainable quality

"Leave the campground cleaner than you found it." — Boy Scout Rule

• Boy Scout Rule: each touched file should be slightly cleaner. Renaming a confusing variable adjacent to the diff scope = OK. Out-of-scope structural refactor = NO (cf. scope-discipline.md).
• TDD as quality guard rail: refactor ONLY with green tests. If no tests cover the touched area, write a characterization test before.
• Code smells (Martin, chap. 17) — refactor checklist:

Smell	Description	Refactor
G5 Duplication	Same logic 3+ times	Extract a named function
G14 Feature Envy	Method manipulates more attributes of another class than its own	Move the method
G15 Selector Arguments	Booleans/enums that choose a behavior	Split into multiple functions
G20 Function Names Should Say What They Do	Must read the body to know	Rename
G23 Prefer Polymorphism to If/Else Chains	Switch on a type	Polymorphism or mapping object
G28 Encapsulate Conditionals	if (a && !b && c.isExpired())	Extract as if (shouldRemove(x))
G30 One Thing	"This function does X and Y"	Split
G34 One Level of Abstraction	Mix orchestration + detail	Extract the detail
G35 Magic Numbers	if (count > 7)	Named constant MAX_RETRIES

4. Simplicity

• Delegated to /anti-overengineering: YAGNI, KISS, do not anticipate hypothetical business.
• Clean Code side-effects:
  • No "just in case" parameters. A function has only the parameters it needs now.
  • No dead code: if a function is no longer called, delete it. git log is the history.
  • No speculative abstraction (AbstractBaseFactoryProvider) for a single use case.

5. Consistency

• One convention per context: if the module uses entitiesById: Record<id, Entity>, the neighbor should too. No mixing Map<id, Entity> in the same Bounded Context.
• Project patterns to respect (cf. coding-standards.md):
  • Gateway = interface (port) in entities/ + impl (adapter) in interface-adapters/gateways/
  • Use case = class implementing UseCase<Input, Output> interface
  • Controller = transforms inbound events into use case calls, no business logic
  • Presenter = pure function (domainData) => viewModel
  • View = Humble Object (zero logic, render only)
• Factory usage: factories in src/tests/factories/ are mandatory for test data. Never hardcoded.
• Naming patterns (project):
  • Suffixes: .usecase.ts, .gateway.ts, .presenter.ts, .factory.ts, .stub.ts, .guard.ts, .schema.ts, .valueObject.ts
  • Gateway impls: <domain>.<platform>.<transport?>.gateway.ts (e.g. threadFetch.gitlab.gateway.ts)
  • Stubs: <gateway>.stub.ts (test doubles), located in src/tests/stubs/
  • Imports: @/ alias + .js extension MANDATORY (no relative paths, no barrel index.ts)

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Application workflow — REFACTOR phase (TDD cycle)

After each GREEN of the Detroit cycle, BEFORE moving to the next RED:

1. Re-read the diff (not the full file, just what was just written).
2. Pass 1 — Naming: does each new identifier reveal intent?
3. Pass 2 — Functions: size, arguments, abstraction level.
4. Pass 3 — Smells G5/G14/G15/G23: duplication, feature envy, flag args, switch.
5. Pass 4 — Consistency: style aligned with the neighboring module?
6. Re-run tests: a refactor without green tests is a future bug, not a refactor.

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Self-review checklist

• Naming: zero abbreviation, intention-revealing, distinguishable, no I prefix
• Functions: < 20 lines, 0-2 args, do one thing, no boolean flag
• Comments: none, except workaround/non-obvious invariant
• Format: declarations near usage, top-down readability
• Smells: no duplication 3+, no switch on type, no selector arg
• Consistency: project patterns (gateway/usecase/presenter/view) respected
• Tests: still green after each refactor pass
• Boy scout: the diff leaves the file at least as clean
• Imports: @/ alias + .js extension, no relative paths, no barrels

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How to challenge a PR or a proposal

Questions to ask the author (or yourself):

Question	If the answer is…	Action
"What does this function do?"	contains "and"	Split
"Why this name?"	"because it contains X"	Rename to X
"Why this boolean parameter?"	"it changes what it does"	Split into 2 functions
"What is this comment for?"	"explain what the code does"	Delete + rename
"Could you delete it?"	"yes but maybe later…"	Delete now
"Why 3 abstraction levels here?"	"in case we extend"	YAGNI → activate /anti-overengineering

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ReviewFlow-specific heuristics

Recurring smells observed in this codebase, to challenge during refactor:

• God Use Case: a use case > 80 lines or with 5+ dependencies → split into sub-use-cases or extract collaborators (cf. clean-architecture).
• Floating Promise: any async call must be await-ed, return-ed, or explicitly void. Pino logger ignores rejections silently.
• Business logic in Controllers: the controller transforms only. Any branching on domain state → move to a use case.
• Type assertions: zero as, as unknown as T, ! non-null assertion. If needed, the upstream typing is broken — fix it with a Zod guard or type narrowing.
• Cross-module direct import: no direct import from another module's interface-adapters/ or usecases/. Cross only through entities/ contracts.
• Undefined leakage: undefined is banned in domain types. Use null for intentional absence. Catch at module boundaries with Zod.
• Magic strings for IDs: prefer branded types (type SessionId = string & { __brand: 'SessionId' }) over raw string.
• Comment explaining a TODO without ticket: every TODO must point to a spec slug, GitHub issue, or be deleted.

<!-- ENRICH: add recurring smells observed during reviews. Format: "Short name — symptom — refactor". -->

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References

• Clean Code — Robert C. Martin (2008), chap. 2 (Naming), 3 (Functions), 4 (Comments), 5 (Formatting), 17 (Smells).
• Clean Coder — Robert C. Martin (2011), chap. on TDD discipline and the courage to refactor.
• Refactoring (2nd ed.) — Martin Fowler (2018), catalog of named refactorings.
• Neighboring skills: /solid, /anti-overengineering, /refactoring, /tdd, /clean-architecture.
• Project rules: .claude/rules/coding-standards.md, .claude/rules/scope-discipline.md, .claude/rules/anti-hallucination.md.