Deno

Overview

Deno is a secure JavaScript/TypeScript runtime built on V8. It runs TypeScript natively without config, is secure by default (explicit permissions required), and is fully compatible with npm packages. Deno 2 adds backwards compatibility with Node.js APIs and package.json, making it a viable drop-in replacement for many Node.js projects. Built-in tooling includes a formatter, linter, test runner, and compiler.

Instructions

• When creating servers, use Deno.serve() for high-performance HTTP handling with Web Standards Request/Response, and enable parallel workers with deno serve --parallel for multi-core utilization.
• When configuring security, specify permissions explicitly (--allow-read, --allow-net, --allow-env) scoped to specific paths, hosts, or variable names. Never deploy with --allow-all.
• When managing dependencies, use JSR (jsr:) for versioned, type-checked packages, npm: specifier for npm packages, and configure import maps in deno.json for clean paths.
• When writing tests, use Deno.test() with @std/assert assertions, @std/testing for mocking, and deno test --coverage for coverage reports. Deno's sanitizers detect resource leaks automatically.
• When building CLI tools, use deno compile to produce standalone executables that cross-compile for Linux, macOS, and Windows with no runtime dependency.
• When deploying to the edge, use Deno Deploy with Deno KV for key-value storage, Deno.cron() for scheduled tasks, and queues for background processing.
• When using Deno KV, structure keys hierarchically (["users", id, "profile"]), use atomic() for transactions, and configure TTL with expireIn for automatic expiration.

Permissions Model

Deno is secure by default — all external access must be explicitly granted:

Flag	Grants access to
--allow-net	Network (fetch, listen)
--allow-read	File system reads
--allow-write	File system writes
--allow-env	Environment variables
--allow-run	Subprocess execution
--allow-ffi	Native libraries
--allow-all or -A	Everything (avoid in prod)

Fine-grained permissions:

deno run --allow-net=api.stripe.com --allow-read=./data main.ts

npm Compatibility

Import npm packages directly with the npm: prefix:

import express from "npm:express";
import { z } from "npm:zod";

const app = express();
app.get("/", (_req, res) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello from Deno + Express!" });
});
app.listen(3000);

Or declare in deno.json:

{
  "imports": {
    "express": "npm:express@^4",
    "zod": "npm:zod@^3"
  }
}

HTTP Server

// Built-in Deno.serve — no imports needed
Deno.serve({ port: 3000 }, async (req: Request) => {
  const url = new URL(req.url);

  if (url.pathname === "/health") {
    return Response.json({ status: "ok" });
  }

  if (req.method === "POST" && url.pathname === "/echo") {
    const body = await req.json();
    return Response.json(body);
  }

  return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
});

Built-in Test Runner

import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("add works correctly", () => {
  assertEquals(1 + 2, 3);
});

Deno.test({
  name: "async fetch test",
  permissions: { net: true },
  async fn() {
    const res = await fetch("https://httpbin.org/get");
    assertEquals(res.status, 200);
  },
});

deno test                        # Run all tests
deno test --watch                # Watch mode
deno test --coverage=coverage/   # With coverage

Built-in Tooling

deno fmt                 # Format code (Prettier-compatible)
deno lint                # Lint code
deno check main.ts       # Type-check without running
deno compile main.ts     # Compile to standalone binary
deno info main.ts        # Show module dependency tree

deno.json Configuration

{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run --allow-net --allow-read --allow-env --watch src/main.ts",
    "test": "deno test --allow-net",
    "build": "deno compile --allow-net --allow-read src/main.ts"
  },
  "imports": {
    "zod": "npm:zod@^3",
    "@std/assert": "jsr:@std/assert@^1",
    "@hono/hono": "jsr:@hono/hono@^4"
  },
  "lint": { "rules": { "include": ["no-unused-vars"] } },
  "fmt": { "useTabs": false, "lineWidth": 100 }
}

Deno Deploy

// main.ts — deploy to Deno Deploy
Deno.serve((req) => {
  const { pathname } = new URL(req.url);
  if (pathname === "/") {
    return new Response("Hello from the edge!");
  }
  return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
});

deno install -A jsr:@deno/deployctl
deployctl deploy --project=my-project main.ts

Examples

Example 1: Build a REST API with Deno KV

User request: "Create an API with Deno that stores data in Deno KV"

Actions:

1. Create HTTP server with Deno.serve() and route matching
2. Open KV store with Deno.openKv() and define key structure
3. Implement CRUD operations using kv.get(), kv.set(), and kv.atomic()
4. Set explicit permissions in deno.json task definitions

Output: A secure API with embedded key-value storage, ready for Deno Deploy.

Example 2: Compile a CLI tool for distribution

User request: "Create a Deno CLI tool that can be distributed as a single binary"

Actions:

1. Build the CLI with argument parsing using @std/cli
2. Add file and network permissions scoped to required resources
3. Write tests with Deno.test() and run with deno test
4. Compile to standalone binaries with deno compile --target for each platform

Output: Cross-platform standalone executables with no runtime dependency.

Guidelines

• Always specify permissions explicitly in production; never deploy with --allow-all.
• Use deno.json imports map for clean import paths instead of raw URLs.
• Prefer JSR (jsr:) over URL imports for versioned, type-checked, immutable packages.
• Use npm: specifier for npm packages directly — no install step needed.
• Run deno fmt and deno lint in CI for zero-config formatting and linting.
• Use Deno.serve() over third-party frameworks for simple APIs; it is faster and lighter.
• Compile to standalone binary with deno compile for distribution with no runtime dependency.
• Deno 2 is backward-compatible with package.json — Node.js projects often work without changes.
• Use Deno Deploy for serverless edge deployment with zero infrastructure.