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codebase-design

Design modules that expose simple interfaces while hiding substantial behavior. Use shared terms and principles to assess interface complexity, decide where behavior can be swapped, and organize code so callers and tests use the same interface.

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用于设计深模块的共享词汇。适用于用户想设计或改进模块接口、寻找深化机会、决定 seam 放在哪里、让代码更容易测试或更适合 AI 导航,或其他技能需要深模块词汇时。

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Good for

  • Simplify a module interface
  • Review module structure during refactoring
  • Decide where behavior should be swappable
  • Design interfaces that are easier to test

Files included (4)

  • SKILL.md5.9 KB
  • agents/openai.yaml103 B
  • DEEPENING.md2.5 KB
  • DESIGN-IT-TWICE.md2.6 KB

SKILL.md (original)

Review the instructions the agent will receive before you install.

代码库设计

设计 deep modules:把大量行为放在小 interface 之后,把 interface 放在清晰 seam 上,并通过该 interface 测试。凡是在设计或重构代码时,都使用这套语言和原则。目标是给 callers 带来 leverage,给 maintainers 带来 locality,并让每个人都更容易测试。

术语表

准确使用这些术语,不要替换成 "component"、"service"、"API" 或 "boundary"。一致语言就是重点。

Module - 任何拥有 interface 和 implementation 的东西。它故意不限定尺度:function、class、package,或跨层 slice 都可以。Avoid: unit, component, service.

Interface - caller 为了正确使用 module 必须知道的一切:type signature,以及 invariants、ordering constraints、error modes、required configuration 和 performance characteristics。Avoid: API, signature(太窄,只指 type-level surface)。

Implementation - module 内部的代码体。它不同于 Adapter:一个东西可以是小 adapter 但有大 implementation(Postgres repo),也可以是大 adapter 但 implementation 很小(in-memory fake)。讨论 seam 时说 adapter;其他时候说 implementation。

Depth - interface 上的 leverage:caller(或 test)每学习一单位 interface,就能触达多少行为。大量行为藏在小 interface 后面时,module 是 deep;interface 几乎和 implementation 一样复杂时,module 是 shallow。

Seam(Michael Feathers)- 你可以在不编辑当前位置的情况下改变行为的地方;也就是 module 的 interface 所在的 location。seam 放在哪里是独立设计决策,不同于 seam 后面放什么。Avoid: boundary(它和 DDD bounded context 过载)。

Adapter - 在 seam 上满足某个 interface 的具体东西。描述的是 role(填哪个槽位),不是 substance(内部是什么)。

Leverage - callers 从 depth 获得的收益:每学习一单位 interface,就得到更多能力。一个 implementation 会在 N 个 call sites 和 M 个 tests 中回本。

Locality - maintainers 从 depth 获得的收益:change、bugs、knowledge 和 verification 集中在一个地方,而不是散到 callers 里。修一次,到处都修好。

Deep 与 shallow

Deep module = small interface + lots of implementation:

+------------------+
| Small Interface  | -> few methods, simple params
+------------------+
|                  |
| Deep             | -> complex logic hidden
| Implementation   |
|                  |
+------------------+

Shallow module = large interface + little implementation(避免):

+-------------------------------+
| Large Interface               | -> many methods, complex params
+-------------------------------+
| Thin Implementation           | -> mostly pass-through
+-------------------------------+

设计 interface 时问:

  • 我能减少 methods 数量吗?
  • 我能简化 parameters 吗?
  • 我能把更多复杂度藏到内部吗?

原则

  • Depth 是 interface 的属性,不是 implementation 的属性。 Deep module 内部可以由小的、mockable、swappable parts 组成,只是它们不属于 interface。一个 module 可以同时拥有 internal seams(implementation 私有,供自身 tests 使用)和位于 interface 的 external seam。
  • Deletion test。 想象删除这个 module。如果复杂度消失了,它只是 pass-through。如果复杂度重新散落到 N 个 callers 里,它就在发挥价值。
  • Interface is the test surface。 Callers 和 tests 穿过同一个 seam。若你想测试 interface 之后的内部细节,这个 module 形状可能不对。
  • One adapter means a hypothetical seam. Two adapters means a real one. 除非确实有东西会跨 seam 变化,否则不要引入 seam。

为可测试性而设计

好的 interfaces 让测试自然发生:

  1. Accept dependencies, don't create them.

    // Testable
    function processOrder(order, paymentGateway) {}
    
    // Hard to test
    function processOrder(order) {
      const gateway = new StripeGateway();
    }
    
  2. Return results, don't produce side effects.

    // Testable
    function calculateDiscount(cart): Discount {}
    
    // Hard to test
    function applyDiscount(cart): void {
      cart.total -= discount;
    }
    
  3. Small surface area. 更少 methods = 需要更少 tests。更少 params = 更简单的 test setup。

关系

  • 一个 Module 恰好有一个 Interface(它呈现给 callers 和 tests 的 surface)。
  • Depth 是 Module 的属性,并以其 Interface 衡量。
  • Seam 是 Module 的 Interface 所在的位置。
  • Adapter 位于 Seam 上,并满足 Interface。
  • Depth 为 callers 产生 Leverage,为 maintainers 产生 Locality。

不采用的表述

  • 把 depth 当作 implementation-lines 与 interface-lines 的比例(Ousterhout):这会奖励 padding implementation。这里使用 depth-as-leverage。
  • 把 "Interface" 理解为 TypeScript interface keyword 或 class public methods:太窄;这里的 interface 包括 caller 必须知道的所有事实。
  • "Boundary":与 DDD bounded context 过载。说 seam 或 interface。

进一步深化

  • Deepening a cluster given its dependencies - 见 DEEPENING.md:Dependency 分类、Seam 纪律和「替换,而不是叠加」的测试策略。
  • Exploring alternative interfaces - 见 DESIGN-IT-TWICE.md:启动并行 sub-agents,用几种截然不同的方式设计 interface,再按 depth、locality 和 seam placement 比较。

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