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springboot-security

Java Spring Boot 服务中认证/授权、验证、CSRF、密钥、标头、速率限制和依赖安全性的 Spring Security 最佳实践。

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Spring Boot 安全审查

在添加身份验证、处理输入、创建端点或处理密钥时使用。

何时激活

  • 添加身份验证(JWT、OAuth2、基于会话)
  • 实现授权(@PreAuthorize、基于角色的访问控制)
  • 验证用户输入(Bean Validation、自定义验证器)
  • 配置 CORS、CSRF 或安全标头
  • 管理密钥(Vault、环境变量)
  • 添加速率限制或暴力破解防护
  • 扫描依赖项以查找 CVE

身份验证

  • 优先使用无状态 JWT 或带有撤销列表的不透明令牌
  • 对于会话,使用 httpOnly、Secure、SameSite=Strict cookie
  • 使用 OncePerRequestFilter 或资源服务器验证令牌
@Component
public class JwtAuthFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
  private final JwtService jwtService;

  public JwtAuthFilter(JwtService jwtService) {
    this.jwtService = jwtService;
  }

  @Override
  protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
      FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
    String header = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.AUTHORIZATION);
    if (header != null && header.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
      String token = header.substring(7);
      Authentication auth = jwtService.authenticate(token);
      SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(auth);
    }
    chain.doFilter(request, response);
  }
}

授权

  • 启用方法安全:@EnableMethodSecurity
  • 使用 @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')") 或 @PreAuthorize("@authz.canEdit(#id)")
  • 默认拒绝;仅公开必需的 scope
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/admin")
public class AdminController {

  @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')")
  @GetMapping("/users")
  public List<UserDto> listUsers() {
    return userService.findAll();
  }

  @PreAuthorize("@authz.isOwner(#id, authentication)")
  @DeleteMapping("/users/{id}")
  public ResponseEntity<Void> deleteUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
    userService.delete(id);
    return ResponseEntity.noContent().build();
  }
}

输入验证

  • 在控制器上使用带有 @Valid 的 Bean 验证
  • 在 DTO 上应用约束:@NotBlank、@Email、@Size、自定义验证器
  • 在渲染之前使用白名单清理任何 HTML
// BAD: No validation
@PostMapping("/users")
public User createUser(@RequestBody UserDto dto) {
  return userService.create(dto);
}

// GOOD: Validated DTO
public record CreateUserDto(
    @NotBlank @Size(max = 100) String name,
    @NotBlank @Email String email,
    @NotNull @Min(0) @Max(150) Integer age
) {}

@PostMapping("/users")
public ResponseEntity<UserDto> createUser(@Valid @RequestBody CreateUserDto dto) {
  return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CREATED)
      .body(userService.create(dto));
}

SQL 注入预防

  • 使用 Spring Data 存储库或参数化查询
  • 对于原生查询,使用 :param 绑定;切勿拼接字符串
// BAD: String concatenation in native query
@Query(value = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + name + "'", nativeQuery = true)

// GOOD: Parameterized native query
@Query(value = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = :name", nativeQuery = true)
List<User> findByName(@Param("name") String name);

// GOOD: Spring Data derived query (auto-parameterized)
List<User> findByEmailAndActiveTrue(String email);

密码编码

  • 始终使用 BCrypt 或 Argon2 哈希密码——切勿存储明文
  • 使用 PasswordEncoder Bean,而非手动哈希
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
  return new BCryptPasswordEncoder(12); // cost factor 12
}

// In service
public User register(CreateUserDto dto) {
  String hashedPassword = passwordEncoder.encode(dto.password());
  return userRepository.save(new User(dto.email(), hashedPassword));
}

CSRF 保护

  • 对于浏览器会话应用程序,保持 CSRF 启用;在表单/头中包含令牌
  • 对于使用 Bearer 令牌的纯 API,禁用 CSRF 并依赖无状态身份验证
http
  .csrf(csrf -> csrf.disable())
  .sessionManagement(sm -> sm.sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS));

密钥管理

  • 源代码中不包含密钥;从环境变量或 vault 加载
  • 保持 application.yml 不包含凭据;使用占位符
  • 定期轮换令牌和数据库凭据
# BAD: Hardcoded in application.yml
spring:
  datasource:
    password: mySecretPassword123

# GOOD: Environment variable placeholder
spring:
  datasource:
    password: ${DB_PASSWORD}

# GOOD: Spring Cloud Vault integration
spring:
  cloud:
    vault:
      uri: https://vault.example.com
      token: ${VAULT_TOKEN}

安全头

http
  .headers(headers -> headers
    .contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
      .policyDirectives("default-src 'self'"))
    .frameOptions(HeadersConfigurer.FrameOptionsConfig::sameOrigin)
    .xssProtection(Customizer.withDefaults())
    .referrerPolicy(rp -> rp.policy(ReferrerPolicyHeaderWriter.ReferrerPolicy.NO_REFERRER)));

CORS 配置

  • 在安全过滤器级别配置 CORS,而非按控制器配置
  • 限制允许的来源——在生产环境中切勿使用 *
@Bean
public CorsConfigurationSource corsConfigurationSource() {
  CorsConfiguration config = new CorsConfiguration();
  config.setAllowedOrigins(List.of("https://app.example.com"));
  config.setAllowedMethods(List.of("GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"));
  config.setAllowedHeaders(List.of("Authorization", "Content-Type"));
  config.setAllowCredentials(true);
  config.setMaxAge(3600L);

  UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource source = new UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource();
  source.registerCorsConfiguration("/api/**", config);
  return source;
}

// In SecurityFilterChain:
http.cors(cors -> cors.configurationSource(corsConfigurationSource()));

速率限制

  • 在昂贵的端点上应用 Bucket4j 或网关级限制
  • 记录突发流量并告警;返回 429 并提供重试提示
// Using Bucket4j for per-endpoint rate limiting
@Component
public class RateLimitFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
  private final Map<String, Bucket> buckets = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

  private Bucket createBucket() {
    return Bucket.builder()
        .addLimit(Bandwidth.classic(100, Refill.intervally(100, Duration.ofMinutes(1))))
        .build();
  }

  @Override
  protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
      FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
    String clientIp = request.getRemoteAddr();
    Bucket bucket = buckets.computeIfAbsent(clientIp, k -> createBucket());

    if (bucket.tryConsume(1)) {
      chain.doFilter(request, response);
    } else {
      response.setStatus(HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS.value());
      response.getWriter().write("{\"error\": \"Rate limit exceeded\"}");
    }
  }
}

依赖项安全

  • 在 CI 中运行 OWASP Dependency Check / Snyk
  • 保持 Spring Boot 和 Spring Security 在受支持的版本
  • 对已知 CVE 使构建失败

日志记录和 PII

  • 切勿记录密钥、令牌、密码或完整的 PAN 数据
  • 擦除敏感字段;使用结构化 JSON 日志记录

文件上传

  • 验证大小、内容类型和扩展名
  • 存储在 Web 根目录之外;如果需要则进行扫描

发布前检查清单

  • [ ] 身份验证令牌已验证并正确过期
  • [ ] 每个敏感路径都有授权守卫
  • [ ] 所有输入都已验证和清理
  • [ ] 没有字符串拼接的 SQL
  • [ ] CSRF 策略适用于应用程序类型
  • [ ] 密钥已外部化;未提交任何密钥
  • [ ] 安全头已配置
  • [ ] API 有速率限制
  • [ ] 依赖项已扫描并保持最新
  • [ ] 日志不包含敏感数据

记住:默认拒绝、验证输入、最小权限、优先采用安全配置。

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