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springboot-tdd

使用 JUnit 5, Mockito, MockMvc, Testcontainers 和 JaCoCo 进行 Spring Boot 的测试驱动开发(TDD)。适用于添加新功能、修复 bug 或重构场景。

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Spring Boot TDD 工作流 (Spring Boot TDD Workflow)

为 Spring Boot 服务提供测试驱动开发(TDD)指南,要求覆盖率达到 80% 以上(单元测试 + 集成测试)。

何时使用

  • 新功能或新端点(Endpoint)
  • Bug 修复或重构
  • 添加数据访问逻辑或安全规则

工作流 (Workflow)

  1. 先写测试(且测试应当失败)
  2. 实现能让测试通过的最小化代码
  3. 在保持测试通过(Green)的状态下进行重构
  4. 强制执行覆盖率检查(JaCoCo)

单元测试 (Unit Testing - JUnit 5 + Mockito)

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class MarketServiceTest {
  @Mock MarketRepository repo;
  @InjectMocks MarketService service;

  @Test
  void createsMarket() {
    CreateMarketRequest req = new CreateMarketRequest("name", "desc", Instant.now(), List.of("cat"));
    when(repo.save(any())).thenAnswer(inv -> inv.getArgument(0));

    Market result = service.create(req);

    assertThat(result.name()).isEqualTo("name");
    verify(repo).save(any());
  }
}

模式:

  • Arrange-Act-Assert (准备-执行-断言)
  • 避免使用部分 Mock(Partial Mock),优先使用显式打桩(Stubbing)
  • 针对多种变体情况使用 @ParameterizedTest

Web 层测试 (Web Layer Testing - MockMvc)

@WebMvcTest(MarketController.class)
class MarketControllerTest {
  @Autowired MockMvc mockMvc;
  @MockBean MarketService marketService;

  @Test
  void returnsMarkets() throws Exception {
    when(marketService.list(any())).thenReturn(Page.empty());

    mockMvc.perform(get("/api/markets"))
        .andExpect(status().isOk())
        .andExpect(jsonPath("$.content").isArray());
  }
}

集成测试 (Integration Testing - SpringBootTest)

@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
@ActiveProfiles("test")
class MarketIntegrationTest {
  @Autowired MockMvc mockMvc;

  @Test
  void createsMarket() throws Exception {
    mockMvc.perform(post("/api/markets")
        .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
        .content("""
          {"name":"Test","description":"Desc","endDate":"2030-01-01T00:00:00Z","categories":["general"]}
        """))
      .andExpect(status().isCreated());
  }
}

持久化测试 (Persistence Testing - DataJpaTest)

@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)
@Import(TestContainersConfig.class)
class MarketRepositoryTest {
  @Autowired MarketRepository repo;

  @Test
  void savesAndFinds() {
    MarketEntity entity = new MarketEntity();
    entity.setName("Test");
    repo.save(entity);

    Optional<MarketEntity> found = repo.findByName("Test");
    assertThat(found).isPresent();
  }
}

Testcontainers

  • 使用可复用的 Postgres/Redis 容器以反映生产环境
  • 通过 @DynamicPropertySource 将 JDBC URL 注入 Spring 上下文 (Context)

覆盖率 (Coverage - JaCoCo)

Maven 代码片段:

<plugin>
  <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
  <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
  <version>0.8.14</version>
  <executions>
    <execution>
      <goals><goal>prepare-agent</goal></goals>
    </execution>
    <execution>
      <id>report</id>
      <phase>verify</phase>
      <goals><goal>report</goal></goals>
    </execution>
  </executions>
</plugin>

断言 (Assertions)

  • 为了可读性,优先使用 AssertJ (assertThat)
  • 对于 JSON 响应使用 jsonPath
  • 对于异常:assertThatThrownBy(...)

测试数据生成器 (Test Data Builder)

class MarketBuilder {
  private String name = "Test";
  MarketBuilder withName(String name) { this.name = name; return this; }
  Market build() { return new Market(null, name, MarketStatus.ACTIVE); }
}

CI 命令 (CI Commands)

  • Maven: mvn -T 4 test 或 mvn verify
  • Gradle: ./gradlew test jacocoTestReport

请记住:保持测试的高速、隔离和确定性。测试行为而非实现细节。

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