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Designs and analyzes combinatorial CRISPR screens covering paired-Cas9 (Big Papi, Najm 2018), enhanced AsCas12a multiplex (enCas12a, DeWeirdt 2021), in4mer 4-guide-array Cas12a (Esmaeili Anvar N et al 2024 Nat Commun 15:3577) and the Inzolia paralog-pair library, paralog-buffering detection (Dede 2020 Genome Biol; Thompson 2021 Cell Reports 36:109597), genetic-interaction (GI) scoring as observed_double_LFC minus expected_additive_double_LFC, synthetic-lethal and synthetic-rescue interaction interpretation, the half-of-essentiality buffered by paralogs phenomenon, multiplex screen statistical analysis with MAGeCK MLE interaction terms, and the relationship to single-cell combinatorial Perturb-seq. Use when designing a paralog or pathway-pair screen, choosing between paired-Cas9 (Big Papi) and Cas12a multiplex (Inzolia), interpreting genetic interaction scores, identifying synthetic-lethal targets for drug development, or scaling beyond single-gene CRISPR screens.

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Spillover compensation and data transformation for flow cytometry. Covers compensation matrix calculation, application, and biexponential/arcsinh transforms. Use when correcting spectral overlap between fluorophores or transforming data for analysis.

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Test whether two or more traits share a causal variant at a locus using Bayesian colocalization (coloc.abf, coloc.susie, HyPrColoc, moloc, eCAVIAR, SMR/HEIDI, PWCoCo, SharePro). Use when integrating GWAS with eQTL/sQTL/pQTL/mQTL, distinguishing shared causal variants from LD-driven coincidence, handling allelic heterogeneity, choosing between single-causal vs multi-causal methods, picking PP.H4 thresholds, running sensitivity over p12, or harmonising summary statistics for colocalization.

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Select colormaps and qualitative palettes for scientific figures using perceptual-uniformity, color-vision-deficiency safety, and luminance-monotonicity criteria. Covers Crameri scientific colormaps, viridis/cividis/magma, Okabe-Ito categorical, ColorBrewer, and the rainbow/jet critique. Use when choosing palettes for heatmaps, scatter, networks, or any encoding where color carries quantitative or categorical meaning.

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Analyzes community composition using constrained ordination (CCA, RDA, db-RDA), variance partitioning (varpart), indicator species analysis (indicspecies multipatt), and distance-based environmental gradient methods with vegan. Links species composition to environmental explanatory variables. Use when testing how environmental gradients structure species communities, identifying habitat indicator taxa, or partitioning explained variation among predictors. Not for basic unconstrained ordination and PERMANOVA (see microbiome/diversity-analysis).

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Project gene annotations across genomes using TOGA (Kirilenko 2023 whole-genome-alignment chain-based projection with intactness classification), CESAR 2.0 (Sharma & Hiller 2017 codon-aware exon projection), LiftOff (Shumate & Salzberg 2020 reference-based annotation transfer), Liftover (UCSC), GeMoMa (Keilwagen 2019 evidence-based projection), and Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT). Use when transferring annotations from a well-annotated reference to query genome(s), classifying gene-loss vs gene-intact across many genomes at scale, building Zoonomia-style comparative annotations across hundreds of mammals or birds (Kirilenko 2023), detecting pseudogenization, projecting alternative isoforms, or selecting between WGA-anchored (TOGA) vs ortholog-based (LiftOff) annotation transfer strategies.

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Analyze restriction digest fragments using Biopython Bio.Restriction. Predict fragment sizes, get fragment sequences, simulate gel electrophoresis patterns, and perform double digests. Use when analyzing restriction digest fragment patterns.

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Installs 425 bioinformatics skills covering sequence analysis, RNA-seq, single-cell, variant calling, metagenomics, structural biology, and 56 more categories. Use when setting up bioinformatics capabilities or when a bioinformatics task requires specialized skills not yet installed.

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Bisulfite sequencing read alignment using Bismark with bowtie2/hisat2. Handles genome preparation and produces BAM files with methylation information. Use when aligning WGBS, RRBS, or other bisulfite-converted sequencing reads to a reference genome.

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Run remote BLAST searches against NCBI servers using Biopython Bio.Blast.NCBIWWW. Use when identifying unknown sequences, finding homologs, picking the correct BLAST program (blastn/blastp/blastx/tblastn/tblastx/psiblast/megablast/dc-megablast), interpreting Karlin-Altschul E-values, avoiding the max_target_seqs trap (Shah 2019), choosing composition-based statistics, or limiting searches by organism. Covers RID lifecycle, database choice (nt/nr/refseq_select/swissprot), word-size and CBS taxonomy.

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Align DNA short reads to reference genomes using bwa-mem2, the faster successor to BWA-MEM. Use when aligning DNA short reads to a reference genome.

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Tests associations between categorical variables in clinical data using chi-square, Fisher's exact, Boschloo, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, and modern McNemar variants with calibrated confidence intervals (Wilson, Newcombe, Miettinen-Nurminen). Use when analyzing categorical outcomes, paired binary endpoints, or testing treatment-outcome independence in confirmatory or exploratory clinical trials.

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End-to-end post-GWAS causal inference pipeline orchestrating heritability partitioning, genetic correlation, Mendelian randomization with CHP-aware sensitivity (CAUSE / LHC-MR), colocalization, fine-mapping with SuSiE / FOCUS, mediation, TWAS triangulation, cis-pQTL drug-target MR, effector-gene prioritization (L2G / PoPS / cS2G), and GenomicSEM common-factor GWAS. Use when triangulating causal inference across multiple complementary methods, prioritizing tissues via stratified LDSC, nominating or de-risking drug targets, mapping a lead SNP to a candidate effector gene, modeling shared genetic architecture across correlated traits, or producing a STROBE-MR-compliant publication-grade evidence battery from GWAS summary statistics.

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Reads, validates, and prepares CDISC SDTM and ADaM clinical trial data for analysis. Covers SDTM domain joins (DM, AE, EX, VS, LB, DS), ADaM architecture (ADSL, BDS, OCCDS, ADTTE) with traceability, treatment-emergent AE conventions, baseline derivation, SUPPQUAL/NSV handling, Define-XML 2.1, and Pinnacle 21 / CORE validation. Use when working with clinical trial datasets in CDISC SDTM/ADaM format, preparing analysis-ready data, or validating for regulatory submission.

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Cell segmentation from multiplexed tissue images. Covers deep learning (Cellpose, Mesmer) and classical approaches for nuclear and whole-cell segmentation. Use when extracting single-cell data from IMC or MIBI images after preprocessing.

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End-to-end biomarker discovery workflow from expression data to validated biomarker panels. Covers feature selection with Boruta/LASSO, classifier training with nested CV, and SHAP interpretation. Use when building and validating diagnostic or prognostic biomarker signatures from omics data.

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Trim PCR primers from aligned reads in amplicon-panel BAMs using samtools ampliconclip. Use when processing SARS-CoV-2 ARTIC, hereditary cancer panels, ctDNA hot-spot panels, or any amplicon assay where primer-derived bases would falsely confirm reference at primer footprints.

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Quantify transcript expression using pseudo-alignment with Salmon or kallisto. Use when quantifying transcripts with Salmon or kallisto.

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Read, write, and convert multiple sequence alignment files using Biopython Bio.AlignIO. Supports Clustal, PHYLIP, Stockholm, FASTA, Nexus, and other alignment formats for phylogenetics and conservation analysis. Use when reading, writing, or converting alignment file formats.

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Detect antimicrobial resistance genes using AMRFinderPlus, ResFinder, and CARD. Screen isolates and metagenomes for resistance determinants. Use when characterizing resistance profiles in clinical isolates, surveillance samples, or metagenomic data.

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Reconstruct ancestral states at internal phylogenetic nodes for sequences (PAML codeml, IQ-TREE --ancestral, GRASP, FastML), discrete traits (corHMM hidden-rate Markov, ape::ace, phytools::make.simmap stochastic mapping, BayesTraits), and continuous traits (phytools::fastAnc, geiger Brownian/OU, RPANDA). Use when designing constructs for ancestral protein resurrection, tracing trait evolution along a tree, performing stochastic character mapping, testing models of trait evolution (BM vs OU vs EB), inferring ancestral genome content via Dollo or DTL reconciliation, or quantifying ancestral-state uncertainty for downstream comparative analyses.

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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with PLINK. Perform case-control and quantitative trait association testing using logistic/linear regression with covariates, generate Manhattan and QQ plots for result visualization. Use when running GWAS or association tests.

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End-to-end ATAC-seq workflow from FASTQ files to differential accessibility and TF footprinting. Covers alignment, peak calling with MACS3, QC metrics, and optional TOBIAS footprinting. Use when running end-to-end ATAC-seq analysis from FASTQ to differential accessibility.

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Design guides for cytosine and adenine base editing using editing window optimization and BE-Hive outcome prediction. Select optimal positions for C-to-T or A-to-G conversions without double-strand breaks. Use when designing base editor experiments for precise nucleotide changes.

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