Email Patterns with Resend and React Email

Quick Guide: Use Resend for transactional emails with React Email templates. Always await render() before sending (it returns a Promise). Server-side only - never expose API keys to clients. Implement retry with exponential backoff for transient failures. Include unsubscribe links in non-transactional emails (CAN-SPAM). Use resend.batch.send() for 2-100 recipients (no attachments or scheduling support in batch). React Email 5.0+ deprecated renderAsync - use render() instead. Webhook verification requires raw request body and webhookSecret parameter.

---

<critical_requirements>

CRITICAL: Before Using This Skill

(You MUST await render() before passing HTML to resend.emails.send() - render returns a Promise)

(You MUST handle Resend API errors and implement retry logic for transient failures)

(You MUST use server-side sending for all emails - never expose RESEND_API_KEY to the client)

(You MUST include unsubscribe links in marketing/notification emails - required for CAN-SPAM compliance)

(You MUST use typed props interfaces for all email templates - enables compile-time validation)

</critical_requirements>

---

Auto-detection: Resend, React Email, @react-email/components, resend.emails.send, email template, transactional email, verification email, password reset email, notification email, email rendering, resend.batch.send, resend.webhooks.verify

When to use:

• Sending transactional emails (verification, password reset, receipts)
• Creating React Email templates with Tailwind styling
• Building notification systems with email delivery
• Implementing email tracking via webhooks
• Batch sending to multiple recipients

When NOT to use:

• Marketing campaign management (use dedicated marketing tools)
• SMS or push notifications (different services)
• Email list management (use Resend Audiences or marketing tools)

---

<philosophy>

Philosophy

Email in modern applications follows a server-side, template-driven approach. React Email brings component patterns to email development, while Resend handles reliable delivery.

Core principles:

1. Server-side only - Never expose API keys to clients
2. Typed templates - Props interfaces catch errors at compile time
3. Reliable delivery - Error handling with retry logic for transient failures
4. Non-blocking - Fire-and-forget for non-critical emails

When to send emails:

• User authentication events (verification, password reset, 2FA)
• Transactional confirmations (purchases, signups, invitations)
• Important notifications (security alerts, account changes)
• Team collaboration (invites, mentions, updates)

When NOT to send emails:

• Every minor action (creates email fatigue)
• Marketing without consent (spam, illegal)
• Real-time alerts (use push notifications)
• In-app actions (show in-app notifications instead)

</philosophy>

---

<patterns>

Core Patterns

Pattern 1: Email Template Structure

Define typed props, use React Email components, add PreviewProps for the dev server.

interface WelcomeEmailProps {
  userName: string;
  loginUrl: string;
  features?: string[];
}

export function WelcomeEmail({ userName, loginUrl, features = [] }: WelcomeEmailProps) {
  return (
    <BaseLayout preview={`Welcome, ${userName}!`}>
      <Heading>Welcome!</Heading>
      <Text>Hi {userName},</Text>
      <Button href={loginUrl}>Get Started</Button>
    </BaseLayout>
  );
}

WelcomeEmail.PreviewProps = { userName: "John", loginUrl: "..." } satisfies WelcomeEmailProps;

See examples/core.md Pattern 1 for complete template with layout and styling.

---

Pattern 2: Sending with Error Handling

Always await render(), check the { data, error } response, return typed results.

const html = await render(options.react); // CRITICAL: must await

const { data, error } = await resend.emails.send({
  from: `${DEFAULT_FROM_NAME} <${DEFAULT_FROM_ADDRESS}>`,
  to: options.to,
  subject: options.subject,
  html,
});

if (error) {
  return { success: false, error: error.message };
}
return { success: true, id: data?.id };

See examples/core.md Pattern 2-3 for complete send wrapper and retry with exponential backoff.

---

Pattern 3: Async (Fire-and-Forget) Sending

For non-critical emails (welcome, notifications), don't block the response.

// Non-blocking - catches errors internally
sendEmailAsync(options);
return Response.json({ success: true }); // Returns immediately

Track in-flight promises for graceful shutdown. See examples/async-batch.md Pattern 1-2.

---

Pattern 4: Batch API

Use resend.batch.send() for 2-100 recipients. Render all templates in parallel.

const rendered = await Promise.all(
  emails.map(async (e) => ({
    from,
    to: e.to,
    subject: e.subject,
    html: await render(e.react),
  })),
);
const { data, error } = await resend.batch.send(rendered);

Batch limitations: No attachments, no scheduledAt. Tags and idempotency keys are supported. See examples/async-batch.md Pattern 3-4.

---

Pattern 5: Webhook Verification

Use resend.webhooks.verify() with the raw request body. JSON parsing breaks signature verification.

const payload = await request.text(); // Raw body, NOT .json()

const event = resend.webhooks.verify({
  payload,
  headers: {
    id: request.headers.get("svix-id") ?? "",
    timestamp: request.headers.get("svix-timestamp") ?? "",
    signature: request.headers.get("svix-signature") ?? "",
  },
  webhookSecret: process.env.RESEND_WEBHOOK_SECRET!,
});

See examples/webhooks.md for full handler with event processing and Svix alternative.

---

Pattern 6: Scheduled Sending, Idempotency Keys, Tags

// Scheduled (up to 30 days, NOT supported in batch)
await resend.emails.send({ ...payload, scheduledAt: futureDate.toISOString() });

// Idempotency (256 char limit, expires 24h) — second argument to send()
await resend.emails.send(payload, {
  idempotencyKey: `order-confirmation-${orderId}`,
});

// Tags (ASCII alphanumeric, underscores, dashes only)
await resend.emails.send({
  ...payload,
  tags: [{ name: "campaign", value: "launch" }],
});

See examples/advanced-features.md for complete implementations with validation.

---

Pattern 7: Unsubscribe and Preferences

Non-transactional emails MUST include unsubscribe links (CAN-SPAM). Use signed tokens for security.

// In every notification/marketing template:
<Link href={unsubscribeUrl}>Unsubscribe from these notifications</Link>

// Generate signed unsubscribe URLs
const token = jwt.sign({ userId, category }, UNSUBSCRIBE_SECRET, { expiresIn: "30d" });
const url = `${APP_URL}/api/email/unsubscribe?token=${token}`;

See examples/preferences.md for preference schema, checking before send, and unsubscribe endpoint.

</patterns>

---

Detailed Resources:

• examples/core.md - Template structure, sending with error handling, retry logic
• examples/async-batch.md - Async sending, batch API
• examples/webhooks.md - Webhook handler with signature verification
• examples/templates.md - Password Reset, Notification templates
• examples/preferences.md - Unsubscribe, email preferences
• examples/advanced-features.md - Scheduled sending, idempotency keys, tags
• reference.md - Decision frameworks, anti-patterns

---

<red_flags>

RED FLAGS

High Priority Issues:

• Not awaiting render() - sends "[object Promise]" as email body
• API key exposed on client - security vulnerability
• No error handling - silent failures
• Missing unsubscribe links in non-transactional emails - CAN-SPAM violation
• Sending without checking user preferences - spam

Medium Priority Issues:

• No retry logic for transient failures (rate limits, 5xx errors)
• Sync sending blocking request handlers for non-critical emails
• Hardcoded from address instead of environment variable
• No webhook verification signature check
• Not logging email send results

Common Mistakes:

• Using Grid or Flexbox in email templates (not supported by email clients)
• Expecting shadows or gradients to render in emails
• Using rem units (email clients handle differently)
• Forgetting PreviewProps for dev server

Gotchas & Edge Cases:

• Resend SDK accepts a react prop directly (renders internally), but pre-rendering with await render() + html gives you control over the output and works outside the Resend SDK
• render() is async in React Email 5.0+ (renderAsync deprecated)
• Batch API limited to 100 emails, does NOT support attachments or scheduledAt
• Webhooks require raw request body - JSON parsing breaks signature verification
• Webhook verify uses webhookSecret parameter (not secret)
• Webhook headers object uses short keys: id, timestamp, signature
• Idempotency keys are passed as a second argument to resend.emails.send(), not in the email payload headers
• Idempotency keys expire after 24 hours, max 256 characters
• Tags: ASCII alphanumeric, underscores, dashes only, max 256 chars per key/value
• Tailwind in emails requires @react-email/tailwind wrapper (Tailwind 4 supported in React Email 5.0+)
• Images must use absolute URLs (no relative paths)

</red_flags>

---

<critical_reminders>

CRITICAL REMINDERS

(You MUST await render() before passing HTML to resend.emails.send() - render returns a Promise)

(You MUST handle Resend API errors and implement retry logic for transient failures)

(You MUST use server-side sending for all emails - never expose RESEND_API_KEY to the client)

(You MUST include unsubscribe links in marketing/notification emails - required for CAN-SPAM compliance)

(You MUST use typed props interfaces for all email templates - enables compile-time validation)

Failure to follow these rules will cause email delivery failures, security vulnerabilities, or legal compliance issues.

</critical_reminders>

---

Sources

• Resend Node.js SDK
• Resend Send Email API
• Resend Batch API
• Resend Webhooks Verification
• Resend Idempotency Keys
• Resend Error Handling
• React Email Components
• React Email 5.0 Release