Turborepo Monorepo

Overview

Provides guidance for Turborepo monorepo management: workspace creation, turbo.json task configuration, Next.js/NestJS integration, testing pipelines (Vitest/Jest), CI/CD setup, and build performance optimization.

When to Use

• Create or initialize Turborepo workspaces
• Configure turbo.json tasks with dependencies and outputs
• Set up Next.js/NestJS apps in monorepo structure
• Configure Vitest/Jest test pipelines
• Build CI/CD workflows (GitHub Actions, GitLab CI)
• Implement remote caching with Vercel Remote Cache
• Optimize build times and cache hit ratios
• Debug task dependency or cache issues
• Migrate from other monorepo tools to Turborepo

Instructions

Workspace Creation

1. Create a new workspace:

   pnpm create turbo@latest my-workspace
   cd my-workspace
   

2. Initialize in existing project:

   pnpm add -D -w turbo
   

3. Create turbo.json in root (minimal config):

   {
     "$schema": "https://turborepo.dev/schema.json",
     "pipeline": {
       "build": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": ["dist/**", ".next/**"] },
       "lint": { "outputs": [] },
       "test": { "dependsOn": ["build"], "outputs": ["coverage/**"] }
     }
   }
   

4. Add scripts to root package.json:

   { "scripts": { "build": "turbo run build", "dev": "turbo run dev", "lint": "turbo run lint", "test": "turbo run test", "clean": "turbo run clean" } }
   

5. Validate task graph before CI:

   turbo run build --dry-run --filter=...  # Verify task execution order
   

Task Configuration

1. Configure tasks in turbo.json:

   { "pipeline": { "build": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": ["dist/**"] }, "test": { "dependsOn": ["build"], "outputs": ["coverage/**"] }, "lint": { "outputs": [] } } }
   

2. Run tasks:

   turbo run build                      # All packages
   turbo run lint test build           # Multiple tasks
   turbo run build --filter=web       # Specific package
   

3. Parallel type checking (use transit nodes to avoid cache issues):

   { "pipeline": { "transit": { "dependsOn": ["^transit"] }, "typecheck": { "dependsOn": ["transit"] } } }
   

4. Validate before committing:

   turbo run build --dry-run  # Check task order and affected packages
   

Framework Integration

Next.js: outputs ".next/**" and env ["NEXT_PUBLIC_*"] - See references/nextjs-config.md

NestJS: outputs "dist/**", dev tasks with cache: false, persistent: true - See references/nestjs-config.md

Testing Setup

1. Vitest configuration:

   {
     "pipeline": {
       "test": {
         "outputs": [],
         "inputs": ["$TURBO_DEFAULT$", "vitest.config.ts"]
       },
       "test:watch": {
         "cache": false,
         "persistent": true
       }
     }
   }
   

2. Run affected tests:

   turbo run test --filter=[HEAD^]
   

   See references/testing-config.md for complete testing setup.

Package Configurations

1. Create package-specific turbo.json:

   {
     "extends": ["//"],
     "tasks": {
       "build": {
         "outputs": ["$TURBO_EXTENDS$", ".next/**"]
       }
     }
   }
   

   See references/package-configs.md for detailed package configuration patterns.

CI/CD Setup

1. GitHub Actions with validation checkpoints:

   - name: Install dependencies
     run: pnpm install
   
   - name: Validate affected packages (dry-run)
     run: pnpm turbo run build --filter=[HEAD^] --dry-run
     # VALIDATE: Review output to confirm only expected packages will build
   
   - name: Run tests
     run: pnpm run test --filter=[HEAD^]
   
   - name: Build affected packages
     run: pnpm run build --filter=[HEAD^]
   
   - name: Verify cache hits
     run: pnpm turbo run build --filter=[HEAD^] --dry-run | grep "Cache"
     # VALIDATE: Confirm cache hits for unchanged packages
   

2. Remote cache setup:

   # Login to Vercel
   npx turbo login
   
   # Link repository
   npx turbo link
   

   See references/ci-cd.md for complete CI/CD setup examples.

Task Properties Reference

Property	Description	Example
dependsOn	Tasks that must complete first	["^build"] - dependencies first
outputs	Files/folders to cache	["dist/**"]
inputs	Files for cache hash	["src/**/*.ts"]
env	Environment variables affecting hash	["DATABASE_URL"]
cache	Enable/disable caching	true or false
persistent	Long-running task	true for dev servers
outputLogs	Log verbosity	"full", "new-only", "errors-only"

Dependency Patterns

• ^task - Run task in dependencies first (topological order)
• task - Run task in same package first
• package#task - Run specific package's task

Filter Syntax

Filter	Description
web	Only web package
web...	web + all dependencies
...web	web + all dependents
...web...	web + deps + dependents
[HEAD^]	Packages changed since last commit
./apps/*	All packages in apps/

Best Practices

Performance Optimization

1. Use specific outputs - Only cache what's needed
2. Fine-tune inputs - Exclude files that don't affect output
3. Transit nodes - Enable parallel type checking
4. Remote cache - Share cache across team/CI
5. Package configurations - Customize per-package behavior

Caching Strategy

{
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      "outputs": ["dist/**"],
      "inputs": ["$TURBO_DEFAULT$", "!README.md", "!**/*.md"]
    }
  }
}

Task Organization

• Independent tasks - No dependsOn: lint, format, spellcheck
• Build tasks - dependsOn: ["^build"]: build, compile
• Test tasks - dependsOn: ["build"]: test, e2e
• Dev tasks - cache: false, persistent: true: dev, watch

Common Issues

Tasks not running in order

Problem: Tasks execute in wrong order

Solution: Check dependsOn configuration

{
  "build": {
    "dependsOn": ["^build"]
  }
}

Cache misses on unchanged files

Problem: Cache invalidating unexpectedly

Solution: Review globalDependencies and inputs

{
  "globalDependencies": ["tsconfig.json"],
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      "inputs": ["$TURBO_DEFAULT$", "!*.md"]
    }
  }
}

Type errors after cache hit

Problem: TypeScript errors not caught due to cache

Solution: Use transit nodes for type checking

{
  "transit": { "dependsOn": ["^transit"] },
  "typecheck": { "dependsOn": ["transit"] }
}

Examples

Example 1: Create New Workspace

Input: "Create a Turborepo with Next.js and NestJS"

pnpm create turbo@latest my-workspace
cd my-workspace

# Add Next.js app
pnpm add next react react-dom -F apps/web

# Add NestJS API
pnpm add @nestjs/core @nestjs/common -F apps/api

Example 2: Configure Testing Pipeline

Input: "Set up Vitest for all packages"

{
  "pipeline": {
    "test": {
      "dependsOn": ["build"],
      "outputs": ["coverage/**"],
      "inputs": ["$TURBO_DEFAULT$", "vitest.config.ts"]
    },
    "test:watch": {
      "cache": false,
      "persistent": true
    }
  }
}

Example 3: Run Affected Tests in CI

Input: "Only test changed packages in CI"

pnpm run test --filter=[HEAD^]

Example 4: Debug Cache Issues

Input: "Why is my cache missing?"

# Dry run to see what would be executed
turbo run build --dry-run --filter=web

# Show hash inputs
turbo run build --force --filter=web

Constraints and Warnings

• Node.js 18+ is required for Turborepo
• Package manager field required in root package.json
• Outputs must be specified for caching to work
• Persistent tasks cannot have dependents
• Windows: WSL or Git Bash recommended
• Remote cache requires Vercel account or self-hosted solution
• Large monorepos may need increased concurrency settings

Reference Files

For detailed guidance on specific topics, consult:

Topic	Reference File
turbo.json template	references/turbo.json
Next.js integration	references/nextjs-config.md
NestJS integration	references/nestjs-config.md
Vitest/Jest/Playwright	references/testing-config.md
GitHub/CircleCI/GitLab CI	references/ci-cd.md
Package configurations	references/package-configs.md