XLSX creation, editing, and analysis

Task	Approach
Create a workbook with formulas	Copy scripts/example_model.py, replace its inputs and columns, run it — see below
Edit with formulas/formatting	openpyxl — see gotchas below
Bulk data in or out	pandas (read_excel, to_excel)
Quick look at a sheet	read_file(path="file.xlsx") — the harness parses it natively, ## SheetName per sheet with cached values; .csv/.tsv are plain text it reads too. No cell coordinates, so don't plan edits from it
Read cells: formula and value, with coordinates	python scripts/show.py file.xlsx [Sheet] [A1:H20] — don't write your own dump script

openpyxl and pandas are preinstalled — do not run pip install first; write the script and import directly. Only if an import fails: pip install the missing package. The sandbox runs as a non-root user without sudo, so apt-get install always fails.

Script paths below are relative to this skill's directory — the staged_at path skill_view returns.

Creating a workbook

Start from scripts/example_model.py. It builds an Inputs sheet, a Monthly sheet in a loop and a Summary of model years, with every number a formula, and it recalculates with zero errors.

cp scripts/example_model.py build.py   # into the workspace
# edit build.py: replace the INPUTS block and the Monthly / Summary columns
python build.py out.xlsx
python scripts/recalc.py out.xlsx 60
python scripts/show.py out.xlsx Summary

Keep its three helpers. They exist because hand-written cell addresses are the usual source of wrong or broken formulas:

• inp(label, value, fmt, note) writes one input on the Inputs sheet and returns its reference, e.g. 'Inputs'!$B$4. Put that string in formulas (f"={cust}{r}*{price}"). Never type an input's address yourself: every input you add moves the ones below it.
• put(ws, "B5", "=…", fmt) writes a formula and stops with an error if it doesn't start with =. Without the = the cell is saved as text and computes nothing.
• header(ws, labels) writes row 1 and returns {label: column letter}. Build addresses from it (f"{C['Total revenue']}{r}"), never from counted columns.

Requirements for every output

• Professional font (Arial, Times New Roman) throughout, unless the user says otherwise.
• Zero formula errors. Never ship while recalc.py reports errors_found. If you think an error predates you, prove it: load the original with data_only=True and look at that cell. An error you introduced looks exactly like one you inherited.
• Use formulas, never hardcoded results. Write sheet['B10'] = '=SUM(B2:B9)', not the Python-computed total. The sheet must recalculate when its inputs change.
• Follow the user's spec literally. Exact tab names, exact column headers, and the formula they spelled out. A redesign that computes something else fails, however elegant.
• Document every assumption and hardcoded number where the reader will see it — a cell comment, or an adjacent cell at a table's end. Cite a real source when one exists (Source: Company 10-K, FY2024, Page 45, Revenue Note, [SEC EDGAR URL]); when the number came from the user, say so plainly.
• A workbook you create for someone to fill in needs a short legend naming which cells to edit, and one example row of realistic values showing the expected format. Never add such a row to a file you were asked to edit.
• Editing an existing file: match its conventions exactly. They override every guideline here. Find its designated input cells first — a distinct font color, fill, or shading marks them — write only there, and leave every existing formula untouched.

Recalculate (mandatory whenever the file contains formulas)

openpyxl writes formulas as strings with no cached values. Until you recalculate, every formula cell reads back as None to anything reading cached values — pandas, load_workbook(data_only=True), and most previewers.

python scripts/recalc.py output.xlsx [timeout_seconds]   # default 30

LibreOffice computes every formula, the file is rewritten in place, and you get JSON: status (success | errors_found), total_formulas, total_errors, and an error_summary naming up to 100 cells per error type (locations_truncated says how many it withheld — trust total_errors, not the length of the list). Besides #VALUE!, #REF! and the other error values, it reports text cells that read like a formula as formula saved as text (no leading '='). Fix what it names and run it again. JSON with an error key instead of a status means nothing was recalculated, and only that case exits non-zero — errors_found exits 0, so never treat a clean exit as a clean workbook.

A green recalc proves your formulas evaluate, not that they are right. An off-by-one range or a reference to the wrong row yields a clean, error-free file with wrong numbers. Write 2–3 formulas first and check they pull the values you expect, before building out a grid: python scripts/show.py out.xlsx Monthly A1:H3 prints each formula next to its value.

A workbook that links to another file loses those links if you re-save it with openpyxl and then recalculate. Such a formula reads ='[1]Returns Analysis'!$B$2 — the [1] is an index into the workbook's external-reference list, naming a separate file on disk, not a sheet. That file is rarely present here, so the cell's cached value is the only thing holding its data. openpyxl strips that value on save; LibreOffice then has to resolve the reference for real, fails, writes #NAME?, and deletes every link. recalc.py refuses to run in that state — copy those cells' values out of the original before you save over them (--force overrides, and accepts the loss).

Choosing formulas that survive verification

LibreOffice implements fewer functions than Excel, and one it cannot evaluate becomes a literal #NAME? baked into the file you deliver.

• Prefer Excel-2007-era functions — SUMIFS, INDEX, MATCH, IFERROR, SUMPRODUCT — which need no prefix.
• Six post-2007 functions work, but only with an _xlfn. prefix, because openpyxl writes your formula into the XML verbatim and Excel stores post-2007 names prefixed (its UI hides the prefix): _xlfn.TEXTJOIN, _xlfn.CONCAT, _xlfn.IFS, _xlfn.SWITCH, _xlfn.MAXIFS, _xlfn.MINIFS. Written bare, each yields #NAME?.
• Never use XLOOKUP, XMATCH, SORT, FILTER, UNIQUE, or SEQUENCE. The runtime's LibreOffice cannot evaluate them under any prefix. Newer builds do evaluate them, but they are spilling array functions and an openpyxl-written file has no spill metadata, so only the top-left cell of the range gets a value — and recalc.py reports total_errors: 0 on the truncated result. Use INDEX/MATCH for lookups, and sort, filter, and de-duplicate in Python before writing the cells.
• A formula LibreOffice could not parse is written back lowercased — a quick tell beside a #NAME?.

openpyxl gotchas

• Reading a model takes two loads. data_only=True yields cached values with the formulas gone; the default yields formula strings with no values. One pass cannot give you both; scripts/show.py does both for you.
• data_only=True is destructive if you save. That workbook has no formulas left, so saving replaces every one with a literal — permanently.
• data_only=True on a file openpyxl just wrote returns None everywhere — run recalc.py first. (A formula whose result is "" also reads back as None.)
• Merged cells: write the top-left anchor only. Every other cell in the range is a MergedCell whose .value is read-only.
• .xlsm loses its macros unless you pass keep_vba=True to load_workbook.
• Write dates as datetime.date / datetime, never strings. "2026-01-01" is stored as text: its number format never applies, and date formulas (EDATE, YEAR) work on it only where the spreadsheet converts text to a date — Excel does that by locale, so the same file can break on another machine.
• A sheet name containing a space must be quoted in a cross-sheet reference: ='Assumptions Inputs'!$B$5. Unquoted, it evaluates to #VALUE!.

Financial models

Unless the user says otherwise, or the existing file already does something else.

Color: blue text (0,0,255) for hardcoded inputs and scenario levers · black for formulas · green (0,128,0) for links to another sheet · red (255,0,0) for links to another file · yellow fill (255,255,0) for key assumptions and cells the user should fill in.

Numbers: currency $#,##0, with the unit named in the header (Revenue ($mm)) · zeros render as -, including in percentages ($#,##0;($#,##0);-) · negatives in parentheses · percentages 0.0%, stored as fractions (0.15 renders 15.0%; storing 15 renders 1500.0%) · valuation multiples 0.0x · years as text ("2024", never 2,024).

Structure: every assumption in its own labeled cell, referenced by the formulas that use it (=B5*(1+$B$6), never =B5*1.05) · formulas consistent across every projection period, since a lone edited cell mid-row is the commonest silent error · guard denominators that can be zero.

Dependencies

openpyxl, pandas (pip, preinstalled — install only if an import fails) · LibreOffice (soffice, auto-configured for sandboxed environments via scripts/office/soffice.py)