WordPress Query Cache

WordPress 6.9 changed how query cache groups store invalidation state. Core now uses stable cache keys with stored salts instead of baking changing last_changed values into every key. This reduces unreachable cache keys on high-update sites.

This skill is for plugin code that directly reads/writes object-cache entries for query results. Most plugins should not do that.

When to use this skill

Trigger when ANY of the following is true:

• Code directly calls wp_cache_get() / wp_cache_set() in query groups such as post-queries, term-queries, user-queries, comment-queries, site-queries, or network-queries.
• Code builds cache keys with wp_cache_get_last_changed().
• The task mentions persistent object cache misses, query cache bloat, cache invalidation, or stale query results after updates.
• A plugin duplicates WP_Query, WP_User_Query, WP_Term_Query, or WP_Comment_Query cache behavior.

Prefer core query APIs

Before writing custom cache logic, ask whether the normal query API already caches the result:

• WP_Query and helpers for posts.
• WP_Term_Query / taxonomy helpers for terms.
• WP_User_Query / user helpers for users.
• WP_Comment_Query / comment helpers for comments.
• Site/network query classes on multisite.

Direct query-cache writes are a maintenance liability. They couple plugin code to internal cache key formats that changed in WP 6.9.

Salted cache helpers

Use these only when you deliberately maintain a cache entry whose validity depends on one or more core last_changed salts:

$last_changed = wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'posts' );
$cache_key    = 'myplugin:featured_ids:' . md5( wp_json_encode( $args ) );

$ids = wp_cache_get_salted( $cache_key, 'post-queries', $last_changed );
if ( false === $ids ) {
    $ids = myplugin_expensive_featured_post_ids_query( $args );
    wp_cache_set_salted( $cache_key, $ids, 'post-queries', $last_changed, HOUR_IN_SECONDS );
}

For data depending on multiple groups, pass an array of salts:

$salt = array(
    wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'posts' ),
    wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'terms' ),
);

$result = wp_cache_get_salted( $cache_key, 'post-queries', $salt );

The helper stores an array containing data and salt. Do not assume the raw cached value is your data when reading entries written by wp_cache_set_salted().

Affected groups

Core WP 6.9 uses salted query cache helpers in groups including:

• post-queries
• term-queries
• comment-queries
• user-queries
• site-queries
• network-queries

If old plugin code directly sets any of these groups with wp_cache_set(), it can bypass the new salt shape and produce stale reads or misses depending on how the value is later consumed.

Invalidation

Use WordPress mutation APIs whenever possible. They update the relevant last_changed salts through core hooks.

// Good: core updates post caches and last_changed state.
wp_update_post( array(
    'ID'         => $post_id,
    'post_title' => $title,
) );

// Risky: direct SQL bypasses normal cache invalidation.
$wpdb->update( $wpdb->posts, array( 'post_title' => $title ), array( 'ID' => $post_id ) );

If you deliberately perform direct SQL, call the correct cache clean function afterwards (clean_post_cache(), clean_term_cache(), clean_user_cache(), etc.) rather than manually setting query group salts.

Upgrade behavior

After upgrading to WP 6.9, a temporary increase in cache misses is expected because affected query cache keys are different. Do not "fix" this by forcing old keys back. Let the cache warm naturally unless the object-cache backend needs a one-time eviction plan.

Critical rules

• Do not write core query groups with plain wp_cache_set() unless you fully control every reader of that key.
• Do not append last_changed to query cache keys in new code. Use wp_cache_*_salted() helpers when direct query caching is justified.
• Do not read salted entries with raw wp_cache_get() and expect the original data shape.
• Prefer WP query APIs over direct cache choreography.
• Invalidate through core mutation APIs or the matching clean_*_cache() function after direct SQL.

Common mistakes

// WRONG - old pattern creates unreachable keys as last_changed changes.
$key  = 'my_query:' . md5( $sql ) . ':' . wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'posts' );
$data = wp_cache_get( $key, 'post-queries' );

// RIGHT
$salt = wp_cache_get_last_changed( 'posts' );
$key  = 'my_query:' . md5( $sql );
$data = wp_cache_get_salted( $key, 'post-queries', $salt );

// WRONG - direct set into a core query group with arbitrary shape.
wp_cache_set( $key, $data, 'post-queries' );

// RIGHT - if direct caching is truly needed.
wp_cache_set_salted( $key, $data, 'post-queries', $salt );

Cross-references

• Run wp-plugin-options-storage when persistent data is being stored in options/transients instead of cache.
• Run wp-plugin-cron when cache warming or refresh work is scheduled.
• Run wp-security-audit when direct SQL is part of the cache path.

What this skill does NOT cover

• Writing a persistent object cache drop-in.
• CDN/page cache invalidation.
• General query optimization unrelated to cache keys.

References

• WordPress 6.9 query cache dev note: https://make.wordpress.org/core/2025/11/17/consistent-cache-keys-for-query-groups-in-wordpress-6-9/
• Salted cache helpers: wp-includes/cache-compat.php
• Query cache usage examples: wp-includes/class-wp-query.php, wp-includes/class-wp-term-query.php, wp-includes/class-wp-user-query.php