Overview
Based on The Business Analysis Handbook by Helen Winter - the Impact Mapping framework (Goal to Actors to Impacts to Deliverables) that connects every change to measurable outcomes. Also draws on Requirements Engineering by Hull, Jackson, and Dick for Change Impact Analysis methodology, and Business Process Change by Paul Harmon for process change impact assessment across Rummler-Brache's 3 levels. The key insight from Winter: impact assessment is not about listing what changes. It is about tracing the chain from a proposed change through every actor it touches, every process it disrupts, and every system it modifies - then quantifying the disruption.
Workflow
Step 1: Define the proposed change
CHANGE: [What is being proposed]
TRIGGER: [Why this change is happening - business driver, regulation, incident]
SCOPE: [What areas, systems, or processes are affected]
TIMELINE: [When the change will occur]
Step 2: Build the Impact Map (Winter's framework)
Trace the chain:
GOAL: [Business objective this change serves]
|
--> ACTOR: [Who is affected?]
|
--> IMPACT: [How does this change their work?]
|
--> DELIVERABLE: [What must be built/changed to enable this?]
Example:
GOAL: Reduce order processing time by 50%
--> ACTOR: Warehouse staff
--> IMPACT: Manual pick list replaced by automated routing
--> DELIVERABLE: Warehouse management system integration
--> ACTOR: Customer service team
--> IMPACT: Fewer "where is my order" calls
--> DELIVERABLE: Real-time tracking dashboard
Step 3: Assess impact across 4 dimensions
For each affected area:
| Dimension | Questions to Answer |
|---|
| People | Who needs retraining? New roles created/eliminated? Resistance expected? |
| Process | Which processes change? New handoffs? Steps added/removed? |
| Technology | Which systems modified? Integrations affected? Data migration needed? |
| Policy | Which policies need updating? Compliance implications? Approval changes? |
Step 4: Score impact severity
For each impact:
| Impact | Severity | Likelihood | Score | Mitigation |
|--------|----------|------------|-------|------------|
| [description] | High/Med/Low | High/Med/Low | [SxL] | [action to reduce] |
Severity scale:
- High: Stops work, regulatory risk, data loss, or affects > 50% of users
- Medium: Degrades performance, requires workaround, affects 10-50% of users
- Low: Minor inconvenience, affects < 10% of users
Step 5: Map dependencies
Identify what must happen in what order:
- Which impacts are prerequisites for others?
- Which systems must be changed before others?
- What is the critical path?
- What can be done in parallel?
Step 6: Assess change readiness
For each affected group:
GROUP: [team or role]
AWARENESS: [Do they know the change is coming?] High/Med/Low
DESIRE: [Do they want the change?] High/Med/Low
KNOWLEDGE: [Do they know how to work in the new way?] High/Med/Low
ABILITY: [Can they actually do it?] High/Med/Low
REINFORCEMENT: [Will the change stick?] High/Med/Low
READINESS: [Overall assessment and actions needed]
Step 7: Output the impact assessment
# Impact Assessment: [Change Name]
## 1. Change Definition
## 2. Impact Map (Goal -> Actors -> Impacts -> Deliverables)
## 3. 4-Dimension Impact Table (People, Process, Technology, Policy)
## 4. Severity Scoring and Mitigation
## 5. Dependency Map
## 6. Change Readiness Assessment
## 7. Recommended Sequencing
Anti-Patterns
1. Only assessing technology impact
Bad: "We need to update the database schema and deploy a new API endpoint."
Good: Also assess: who needs retraining, which processes change, which policies need updating.
2. Impact without severity scoring
Bad: A flat list of 20 impacts with no ranking.
Good: Each impact scored by severity x likelihood; high-score items get mitigation plans.
3. Missing downstream effects
Bad: Assessing only the team making the change.
Good: Trace through Impact Map to find second and third-order effects on downstream actors.
4. No change readiness assessment
Bad: Assuming people will adopt the change because it was communicated.
Good: Assess awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, and reinforcement for each affected group.
Quality Checklist