REST API Conventions

Project Contract

Inspect existing controllers, tests and OpenAPI before choosing a response contract. Preserve the project's IDs, response shape and versioning strategy. Do not migrate unrelated endpoints while adding one route. The envelope below is an optional convention for a project that uses it; plain success DTOs are equally valid. A 204 response has no body.

Success and error formats are independent: an existing success envelope can coexist with RFC 9457 errors. Use one consistent error policy; choose the legacy error examples below only when the project already requires that format.

Example success envelope:

{
  "success": true,
  "data": { },
  "error": null,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-13T10:00:00Z"
}

Error response:

{
  "success": false,
  "data": null,
  "error": {
    "code": "ORDER_NOT_FOUND",
    "message": "Order with id 123 not found",
    "details": []
  },
  "timestamp": "2026-04-13T10:00:00Z"
}

ApiResponse Wrapper

@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL)
public record ApiResponse<T>(
    boolean success,
    T data,
    ApiError error,
    Instant timestamp
) {
    public static <T> ApiResponse<T> ok(T data) {
        return new ApiResponse<>(true, data, null, Instant.now());
    }

    public static <T> ApiResponse<T> error(String code, String message) {
        return new ApiResponse<>(false, null, new ApiError(code, message, List.of()), Instant.now());
    }
}

public record ApiError(String code, String message, List<String> details) {}

HTTP Status Mapping

Scenario	Status
GET — found	200
POST — created resource	201
PUT/PATCH — updated	200
DELETE — deleted	204 (no body)
Validation failure	400
Unauthenticated	401
Forbidden	403
Not found	404
Conflict (duplicate)	409
Unhandled server error	500

URL Conventions

• Plural nouns for resources: /orders, /users, /products
• Kebab-case for multi-word: /order-items, not /orderItems
• Versioning in path: /api/v1/orders
• Nested resources max 2 levels: /orders/{id}/items ✅, /orders/{id}/items/{itemId}/notes ❌ — flatten to /order-item-notes/{id}
• IDs: preserve the existing ID type. UUIDs are an option, not an authorization mechanism.

GET    /api/v1/orders              → list (paginated)
POST   /api/v1/orders              → create
GET    /api/v1/orders/{id}         → get one
PUT    /api/v1/orders/{id}         → full update
PATCH  /api/v1/orders/{id}         → partial update
DELETE /api/v1/orders/{id}         → delete
GET    /api/v1/orders/{id}/items   → nested resource

Pagination

{
  "success": true,
  "data": {
    "content": [...],
    "page": 0,
    "size": 20,
    "totalElements": 150,
    "totalPages": 8,
    "last": false
  }
}

Query params: ?page=0&size=20&sort=createdAt,desc

Use Spring Data Pageable in controllers:

@GetMapping
public ApiResponse<PageResponse<OrderResponse>> list(Pageable pageable) {
    return ApiResponse.ok(PageResponse.from(orderService.findAll(pageable).map(OrderResponse::from)));
}

Cap the page size. A bare Pageable accepts ?size=100000 from any client — one request can drag your whole table into memory. Spring's default cap is 2000, still too high for most APIs:

spring:
  data:
    web:
      pageable:
        default-page-size: 20
        max-page-size: 100   # requests above this are silently clamped

The compiled PageResponse fixes the JSON pagination contract. Mapping entities to DTOs alone does not stabilize Spring Data PageImpl serialization. Spring Data's org.springframework.data.web.PagedModel is another option when its shape fits the API. Validate sort fields against an allowlist and add an ID tie-breaker to non-unique sorts.

Legacy Envelope Exception Handler

// Extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler: without it the Exception.class catch-all turns
// malformed JSON, 405, bad path variables and unknown URLs into 500. Full version, verified
// against Boot 3 and 4: templates/GlobalExceptionHandler.java
@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler {

    @ExceptionHandler(EntityNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ApiResponse<Void>> handleNotFound(EntityNotFoundException ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(404).body(ApiResponse.error("NOT_FOUND", ex.getMessage()));
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(AccessDeniedException.class) // @PreAuthorize denials surface here, not in the filter
    public ResponseEntity<ApiResponse<Void>> handleAccessDenied(AccessDeniedException ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(403).body(ApiResponse.error("FORBIDDEN", "Access denied"));
    }

    @Override // an @ExceptionHandler for this type would clash with the superclass at startup
    protected ResponseEntity<Object> handleMethodArgumentNotValid(
            MethodArgumentNotValidException ex, HttpHeaders headers, HttpStatusCode status, WebRequest request) {
        List<String> details = ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().stream()
            .map(e -> e.getField() + ": " + e.getDefaultMessage()).toList();
        return ResponseEntity.status(400).body(ApiResponse.validationError(details));
    }

    @Override // keep the framework's status + headers, return the envelope
    protected ResponseEntity<Object> handleExceptionInternal(
            Exception ex, Object body, HttpHeaders headers, HttpStatusCode status, WebRequest request) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(status).headers(headers)
            .body(ApiResponse.error("HTTP_" + status.value(), "Request could not be processed"));
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ApiResponse<Void>> handleGeneric(Exception ex) {
        return ResponseEntity.status(500).body(ApiResponse.error("INTERNAL_ERROR", "An unexpected error occurred"));
    }
}

Gotchas

• Agent writes an Exception.class catch-all in an advice that doesn't extend ResponseEntityExceptionHandler — malformed JSON, 405, type-mismatched path variables and unknown URLs all become 500
• Agent imposes a new envelope - preserve the existing success contract.
• Agent invents competing error handlers - use the project's established error contract.
• Agent puts exception handlers in controllers — always use @RestControllerAdvice
• Agent changes ID types while adding an endpoint - retain the existing ID scheme.
• Agent accepts unbounded Pageable — set spring.data.web.pageable.max-page-size or one request can pull the whole table
• Agent serializes PageImpl directly - map entities to DTOs, then wrap in PageResponse.