App Intents

Build intents that expose your app's functionality to Siri, Shortcuts, Spotlight, and Apple Intelligence. Covers the full App Intents framework from basic actions through advanced features like interactive snippets, intent modes, visual intelligence integration, and Spotlight entity indexing.

When This Skill Activates

• User wants to add Siri or Shortcuts integration
• User asks about App Intents, AppIntent, or AppEntity
• User needs Spotlight indexing for app content
• User wants to create App Shortcuts with voice phrases
• User is implementing interactive snippets for Siri results
• User asks about intent modes (foreground, background)
• User needs visual intelligence integration via App Intents
• User wants onscreen entity support for Siri/ChatGPT
• User asks about Swift package support for App Intents

Decision Tree

What do you need?
|
+-- Expose an action to Siri/Shortcuts
|   +-- Simple action, no UI needed
|   |   --> Basic AppIntent (intents-basics.md)
|   +-- Needs to show UI or ask user questions
|   |   --> Intent Modes + Interactive Snippets (advanced-features.md)
|   +-- Needs a predictable voice phrase
|       --> App Shortcuts (intents-basics.md)
|
+-- Make content searchable
|   +-- In Spotlight
|   |   --> IndexedEntity + @Property (entities-spotlight.md)
|   +-- Runnable from Spotlight on Mac
|   |   --> parameterSummary visibility gates (entities-spotlight.md)
|   +-- In Visual Intelligence
|   |   --> IntentValueQuery + SemanticContentDescriptor (advanced-features.md)
|   +-- As onscreen entities for Siri/ChatGPT
|       --> annotation APIs + EntityIdentifier (advanced-features.md)
|
+-- Let Siri execute intents from natural language
|   --> App Schemas: @AppIntent(schema:) / @AssistantIntent (advanced-features.md)
|
+-- Feed entities to Apple Intelligence (Use Model action)
|   --> AttributedString params + entity JSON + Find actions (entities-spotlight.md)
|
+-- Hand entities to other apps as content/files
|   --> Transferable / FileEntity (entities-spotlight.md)
|
+-- Show rich results in Siri
|   +-- Static display only
|   |   --> .result(view:) snippet (advanced-features.md)
|   +-- Interactive buttons/controls
|   |   --> SnippetIntent protocol (advanced-features.md)
|   +-- Custom spoken dialog
|       --> IntentDialog(full:supporting:) (advanced-features.md)
|
+-- Present choices to the user
|   --> requestChoice(between:) (advanced-features.md)
|
+-- Teach Siri from in-app UI actions
|   --> IntentDonationManager (advanced-features.md)
|
+-- Share intents via Swift Package
    --> AppIntentsPackage protocol (advanced-features.md)

API Availability

Feature	Minimum OS	Framework
AppIntent protocol	iOS 16 / macOS 13	AppIntents
AppEntity protocol	iOS 16 / macOS 13	AppIntents
AppShortcutsProvider	iOS 16 / macOS 13	AppIntents
@Parameter macro	iOS 16 / macOS 13	AppIntents
IndexedEntity protocol	iOS 18 / macOS 15	AppIntents
@Property with indexingKey	iOS 18 / macOS 15	AppIntents
Intent Modes (supportedModes)	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
requestChoice(between:)	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
@ComputedProperty	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
@DeferredProperty	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
SnippetIntent protocol	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
AppIntentsPackage protocol	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
Onscreen entities (.userActivity())	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
@UnionValue	iOS 18 / macOS 15	AppIntents
Assistant Schemas (@AssistantIntent)	iOS 18	AppIntents
Transferable entities, FileEntity	iOS 18 / macOS 15	AppIntents
UndoableIntent	iOS 26 / macOS 26	AppIntents
App Schemas on @AppIntent(schema:)	iOS 27 / macOS 27	AppIntents
IntentDonationManager, OwnershipProvidingEntity	iOS 27 / macOS 27	AppIntents
AppIntentsTesting framework	Xcode 26 cycle (WWDC26)	AppIntentsTesting

Quick Reference

Task	Type/API	Reference File
Define an action	AppIntent protocol	intents-basics.md
Accept parameters	@Parameter macro	intents-basics.md
Create voice phrases	AppShortcutsProvider	intents-basics.md
Define a data entity	AppEntity protocol	entities-spotlight.md
Index in Spotlight	IndexedEntity protocol	entities-spotlight.md
Mark indexable fields	@Property(indexingKey:)	entities-spotlight.md
Run in background/foreground	supportedModes	advanced-features.md
Continue in foreground	continueInForeground()	advanced-features.md
Show result UI	.result(view:)	advanced-features.md
Interactive result UI	SnippetIntent protocol	advanced-features.md
Present choices	requestChoice(between:)	advanced-features.md
Visual intelligence search	IntentValueQuery	advanced-features.md
Onscreen entity association	.userActivity() modifier	advanced-features.md
Computed/deferred properties	@ComputedProperty, @DeferredProperty	advanced-features.md
Share via packages	AppIntentsPackage	advanced-features.md
Make intents Siri-executable	@AppIntent(schema:), @AssistantIntent	advanced-features.md
Update-intent "clear vs leave unchanged"	valueState (.set/.set(nil)/.unset)	advanced-features.md
Custom Siri dialog	IntentDialog(full:supporting:)	advanced-features.md
Donate in-app UI actions	IntentDonationManager	advanced-features.md
Shared-content confirmations	OwnershipProvidingEntity	advanced-features.md
Undo intent actions	UndoableIntent	advanced-features.md
Export entities as content/files	Transferable, FileEntity	entities-spotlight.md
Run from Spotlight on Mac	parameterSummary gates	entities-spotlight.md
Accept model-generated rich text	AttributedString parameters	entities-spotlight.md

Process

1. Identify Integration Needs

Read the user's code or requirements to determine:

• What actions should be exposed to Siri/Shortcuts
• What content should be searchable in Spotlight
• Whether interactive snippets are needed for Siri results
• Whether the intent needs foreground UI or can run in background
• Target platform and minimum OS version

2. Load Relevant Reference Files

Based on the need, read from this directory:

• intents-basics.md -- AppIntent protocol, @Parameter, perform(), App Shortcuts
• entities-spotlight.md -- AppEntity, IndexedEntity, Spotlight indexing, @Property
• advanced-features.md -- Intent modes, interactive snippets, visual intelligence, onscreen entities, choices, packages

3. Review or Implement

Apply patterns from the reference files. Check for common mistakes (see Top Mistakes below).

4. Cross-Reference

• For Visual Intelligence camera search, see apple-intelligence/visual-intelligence/
• For Foundation Models on-device LLM, see apple-intelligence/foundation-models/
• For deep linking from intents, see generators/deep-linking/ skill

Top Mistakes

These are the most frequent errors when implementing App Intents.

1. Missing static metadata

// ❌ Wrong -- no title or description
struct MyIntent: AppIntent {
    func perform() async throws -> some IntentResult {
        return .result()
    }
}

// ✅ Correct -- static title is required
struct MyIntent: AppIntent {
    static var title: LocalizedStringResource = "Do Something"
    static var description: IntentDescription = "Performs the action"

    func perform() async throws -> some IntentResult {
        return .result()
    }
}

2. Forgetting to index entities after changes

// ❌ Wrong -- entities updated but Spotlight not notified
func saveRecipe(_ recipe: Recipe) {
    database.save(recipe)
}

// ✅ Correct -- reindex after mutations
func saveRecipe(_ recipe: Recipe) async throws {
    database.save(recipe)
    try await CSSearchableIndex.default().indexAppEntities()
}

3. Using foreground intent for background-safe work

// ❌ Wrong -- forces app to foreground for a simple toggle
struct ToggleFavoriteIntent: AppIntent {
    static var title: LocalizedStringResource = "Toggle Favorite"
    static var openAppWhenRun = true  // Unnecessary

    func perform() async throws -> some IntentResult {
        toggleFavorite()
        return .result()
    }
}

// ✅ Correct -- runs silently in background
struct ToggleFavoriteIntent: AppIntent {
    static var title: LocalizedStringResource = "Toggle Favorite"

    static let supportedModes: IntentModes = .background

    func perform() async throws -> some IntentResult {
        toggleFavorite()
        return .result()
    }
}

4. Not providing EntityStringQuery for entities

// ❌ Wrong -- entity has no way to be queried
struct NoteEntity: AppEntity {
    var id: String
    var title: String
    // Missing: static var defaultQuery
}

// ✅ Correct -- provides a query so Siri can resolve entities
struct NoteEntity: AppEntity {
    var id: String
    var title: String

    static var defaultQuery = NoteEntityQuery()
    // ... typeDisplayRepresentation, displayRepresentation
}

5. Returning too many Spotlight results

// ❌ Wrong -- indexing thousands of items at once blocks the main thread
func indexAll() async throws {
    let allItems = database.fetchAll()  // 50,000 items
    try await CSSearchableIndex.default().indexAppEntities()
}

// ✅ Correct -- batch index and run off main thread
func indexAll() async throws {
    try await CSSearchableIndex.default().indexAppEntities(
        of: RecipeEntity.self
    )
}

Design Guidelines

How to decide what to expose and how it should behave — from Apple's design sessions.

App Shortcuts (WWDC22)

• Pick self-contained, straightforward features completable without the app in focus.
• Hard cap is 10 App Shortcuts; aim for 2–5 high-quality ones.
• Invocation phrase: brief, memorable, and must include the app name — provide natural synonym variants per language ("Start a run" / "Begin a run").
• At most one dynamic parameter per phrase; values must come from a finite, front-of-mind list, ordered by recency/frequency — the first value becomes the top Spotlight suggestion.
• Three dialog flows: Parameter Confirmation (assume the likely value, confirm it), Disambiguation (short list that teaches the available values), Intent Confirmation only for consequential actions (financial, destructive, high-risk).
• Snippet visuals: semitranslucent material + vibrant label colors — never opaque backgrounds.
• Suppress spoken dialog when the snippet fully communicates the result, but keep the dialog complete for voice-only contexts (AirPods, CarPlay).
• Surface in-app education right before or after the user performs the action they'd repeat — that's when the phrase sticks.

What deserves to be an intent (WWDC24)

• "Anything your app does should be an app intent." Scope by task, not by a feature checklist.
• Start from fundamental verbs — Create, Open, Search — then specialize.
• Consolidate near-duplicates into one flexible intent with parameters ("Start Workout" with a workout-type parameter, not five separate intents).
• Intents represent tasks, never UI gestures — "save the draft", not "tap the save button".
• Live Activity and audio apps should expose background read-intents (current state, now playing), not just actions.
• Parameter summaries must read as complete sentences for every possible value.
• Make parameters optional by default so the intent runs immediately with no follow-up questions; binary states default to a toggle rather than explicit on/off.
• Intents that end in the UI get an "Open When Run" toggle, default on — users composing shortcuts may want to suppress it.

Interactive snippet design (WWDC25)

• Max content height 340pt — beyond that is clipped, not scrolled.
• Use larger-than-default type; snippets are glanced at from a distance.
• Show only essential info — link into the app for anything more.
• Use ContainerRelativeShape for margins that adapt to the snippet's corner radius.
• Vibrant brand backgrounds are fine, but check contrast for distance viewing.
• Two types: Result (outcome + Done button) vs Confirmation (action-verb button like "Order"); Confirmation → Result is the canonical flow.
• The snippet must be self-sufficient even if Siri dialog is never shown or heard.

Review Checklist

Before shipping App Intents integration:

• Every AppIntent has a static var title and static var description
• Every AppEntity has typeDisplayRepresentation, displayRepresentation, and defaultQuery
• @Parameter properties have descriptive titles
• Entities used in Shortcuts have EntityStringQuery or EntityPropertyQuery
• IndexedEntity types call CSSearchableIndex.default().indexAppEntities() after data changes
• @Property fields used in indexing have indexingKey set
• App Shortcuts have clear, natural-language phrases with \(.applicationName)
• Intent modes match the actual work: background for data ops, foreground for UI
• Interactive snippets use SnippetIntent (not plain AppIntent)
• SnippetIntent perform() never mutates state — mutations live in the button intents (WWDC25 275)
• parameterSummary includes every required parameter without a default — the Spotlight-on-Mac visibility gate (WWDC25 260)
• Text-accepting parameters use AttributedString, not String (Use Model rich text, WWDC25 260)
• perform() handles errors gracefully and returns meaningful dialog
• Intents are tested in the order: AppIntentsTesting → Shortcuts → Spotlight → Siri (WWDC26 240)
• Deep links from entity results navigate to the correct screen

WWDC Session References

Rules throughout the reference files carry inline attributions to these sessions:

Session	Covers
WWDC24 10133 — Bring your app to Siri	Assistant Schemas, 12 iOS 18 domains, semantic search
WWDC24 10210 — Bring your app's core features to users	Core doctrine: intents, entities, queries, reuse across surfaces
WWDC24 10134 — App Intents framework additions	IndexedEntity, Transferable, FileEntity, @UnionValue
WWDC24 10176 — Design App Intents for system experiences	Scope + parameter design rules, Open When Run
WWDC25 244 — Get to know App Intents	Protocol shapes, metadata extraction, ID contract, packaging
WWDC25 275 — Advances in App Intents	SnippetIntent, intent modes, undo, onscreen entities
WWDC25 260 — Develop for Shortcuts and Spotlight	Use Model action, Find actions, Mac Spotlight gates
WWDC26 240 — Build intelligent Siri experiences with App Schemas	Unified schema macros, testing ladder
WWDC26 343 — Advanced App Intents features for Siri	Dialogs, donations, ownership, annotation APIs
WWDC26 344 — Code-along: Make your app available to Siri	Canonical integration sequence, valueState

References

• App Intents framework
• Making your app's functionality available to Siri
• App Shortcuts
• IndexedEntity
• Spotlight integration
• Local captured doc (optional): ~/Downloads/docs/AppIntents-Updates.md — read if present; skip silently if absent.