Characterization Test Generator

Generate tests that document what existing code actually does — not what it should do. These tests capture current behavior so you can refactor with confidence, especially when using AI to modify code.

When This Skill Activates

Use this skill when the user:

• Says "I need to refactor this" or "help me refactor"
• Wants to "add tests before changing code"
• Asks for "characterization tests" or "golden master tests"
• Says "I want to safely modify this class/module"
• Mentions "legacy code" or "untested code"
• Wants AI to refactor but is worried about breaking things

Why This Matters for AI-Generated Code

AI refactoring is powerful but risky:

• AI doesn't remember why code works a certain way
• AI may "improve" code and break subtle behavior
• Characterization tests freeze current behavior as a regression suite
• If any test fails after refactoring, you know something changed

Process

Phase 1: Discover Code Under Test

Glob: **/*.swift (in the target module)
Grep: "class |struct |enum |protocol |func " (public API surface)

Identify:

• Public types and their public methods
• Input types and return types
• Side effects (network, disk, UserDefaults, notifications)
• Dependencies (injected or created internally)
• State mutations (properties that change)

Phase 2: Classify Behavior

For each public method, classify:

Category	Example	Test Strategy
Pure computation	calculate(a, b) -> c	Input/output pairs
State mutation	addItem(_:) modifies array	Before/after state checks
Async operation	fetchData() async -> [Item]	Mock dependencies, verify results
Side effect	save() writes to disk	Verify mock was called
Event emission	delegate?.didUpdate()	Capture delegate calls
Error path	Throws on invalid input	Verify correct error type

Phase 3: Generate Tests

Test Naming Convention

Characterization tests should be clearly labeled:

import Testing
@testable import YourApp

@Suite("Characterization: ItemManager")
struct ItemManagerCharacterizationTests {
    // Tests document CURRENT behavior, not ideal behavior
}

Template: Pure Computation

@Test("current behavior: calculates total with tax")
func calculatesTotal() {
    let calculator = PriceCalculator()

    let result = calculator.total(subtotal: 100.0, taxRate: 0.08)

    // Document actual behavior — even if the rounding seems wrong
    #expect(result == 108.0)
}

Template: State Mutation

@Test("current behavior: addItem appends and sorts by date")
func addItemSortsbyDate() {
    let manager = ItemManager()
    let older = Item(title: "A", date: .distantPast)
    let newer = Item(title: "B", date: .now)

    manager.addItem(older)
    manager.addItem(newer)

    // Document actual ordering behavior
    #expect(manager.items.first?.title == "A")
    #expect(manager.items.last?.title == "B")
    #expect(manager.items.count == 2)
}

Template: Async with Dependencies

@Test("current behavior: loadItems returns cached data when offline")
func loadItemsOffline() async throws {
    let mockNetwork = MockNetworkClient(shouldFail: true)
    let mockCache = MockCache(items: [Item.sample])
    let service = ItemService(network: mockNetwork, cache: mockCache)

    let items = try await service.loadItems()

    // Document: falls back to cache when network fails
    #expect(items.count == 1)
    #expect(items.first?.title == Item.sample.title)
}

Template: Side Effects

@Test("current behavior: save writes to UserDefaults")
func saveWritesToDefaults() {
    let defaults = MockUserDefaults()
    let settings = SettingsManager(defaults: defaults)

    settings.setTheme(.dark)
    settings.save()

    // Document: saves as string, not as enum raw value
    #expect(defaults.lastSetValue as? String == "dark")
    #expect(defaults.lastSetKey == "app_theme")
}

Template: Error Paths

@Test("current behavior: throws on empty title")
func throwsOnEmptyTitle() {
    let validator = ItemValidator()

    #expect(throws: ValidationError.emptyField("title")) {
        try validator.validate(Item(title: "", date: .now))
    }
}

Template: Edge Cases

@Test("current behavior: handles nil optional gracefully")
func handlesNilOptional() {
    let parser = DataParser()

    let result = parser.parse(data: nil)

    // Document: returns empty array on nil, doesn't crash
    #expect(result.isEmpty)
}

@Test("current behavior: handles empty collection")
func handlesEmptyCollection() {
    let aggregator = StatsAggregator()

    let stats = aggregator.compute(values: [])

    // Document: returns zeroes, not NaN or crash
    #expect(stats.average == 0.0)
    #expect(stats.count == 0)
}

Phase 4: Fill in Actual Values

This is the key step. For each test:

1. Read the source code to understand what the method actually returns
2. Trace the logic for the given inputs
3. Write the assertion with the actual value

// ❌ Wrong — this is what you WANT it to do
#expect(result == expectedCorrectValue)

// ✅ Right — this is what it ACTUALLY does
#expect(result == actualCurrentValue)  // Note: off-by-one, but current behavior

Add comments for surprising behavior:

// CHARACTERIZATION: This returns 11 not 10 due to inclusive range.
// Don't "fix" this until intentionally changing behavior.
#expect(range.count == 11)

Phase 5: Verify and Lock

1. Run all characterization tests — they must ALL pass
2. If any fail, adjust assertions to match actual behavior
3. Tag them:

@Suite("Characterization: ItemManager")
@Tag(.characterization)
struct ItemManagerCharacterizationTests { ... }

// Define the tag
extension Tag {
    @Tag static var characterization: Self
}

4. Run selectively:

# Run only characterization tests
xcodebuild test -scheme YourApp \
  -only-testing "YourAppTests/ItemManagerCharacterizationTests"

Output Format

## Characterization Tests Generated

**Module**: [Module name]
**Classes tested**: [List]
**Tests generated**: [Count]

### Coverage Summary

| Class | Methods Covered | Edge Cases | Notes |
|-------|----------------|------------|-------|
| ItemManager | 5/7 | 3 | 2 private methods skipped |
| PriceCalculator | 3/3 | 2 | All public API covered |

### Files Created
- `Tests/CharacterizationTests/ItemManagerCharacterizationTests.swift`
- `Tests/CharacterizationTests/PriceCalculatorCharacterizationTests.swift`

### Surprising Behaviors Found
- `PriceCalculator.total()` rounds DOWN, not to nearest cent
- `ItemManager.sort()` is unstable — equal dates may reorder

### Ready to Refactor
All [X] characterization tests passing. Safe to refactor with AI.
Run `xcodebuild test` after each change to verify no behavior changed.

When NOT to Use This

• Code is already well-tested (check coverage first)
• You're deleting the code entirely (no need to characterize)
• The code is trivially simple (single-line computed properties)
• You want to change the behavior (use tdd-bug-fix instead)

References

• Michael Feathers, Working Effectively with Legacy Code — coined "characterization test"
• generators/test-generator/ — for standard test generation (not characterization)
• testing/tdd-refactor-guard/ — pre-refactor checklist that uses these tests