cloudflare-workers-miniflare

Overview

Miniflare 3 is the official Workers simulator. Per developers.cloudflare.com/workers, Miniflare 3 is built on top of workerd - the same runtime that serves production Workers traffic. This means local-mode behaviour matches prod with very high fidelity.

Three integration patterns:

1. wrangler dev (CLI; live-reload during dev).
2. Programmatic Miniflare (getMiniflare(); for integration tests).
3. @cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers (Vitest + in-process Workers; the recommended unit-test path).

When to use

• Unit / integration tests for Cloudflare Workers code.
• Tests for KV / Durable Objects / R2 / D1 bindings.
• Local-development of Workers without deploying.

Authoring

Install

npm install --save-dev wrangler miniflare @cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers vitest

wrangler dev (CLI)

wrangler dev --local        # workerd locally; no remote calls
wrangler dev                # default = local-mode in Wrangler 3+

Now curl http://localhost:8787 hits the local Worker.

Programmatic Miniflare

Per miniflare.dev:

import { Miniflare } from 'miniflare';

const mf = new Miniflare({
  scriptPath: './src/worker.js',
  modules: true,
  kvNamespaces: ['MY_KV'],
  d1Databases: ['DB'],
  r2Buckets: ['MY_BUCKET'],
  durableObjects: {
    COUNTER: 'Counter',
  },
});

const res = await mf.dispatchFetch('https://example.com/');
expect(res.status).toBe(200);
expect(await res.text()).toBe('Hello');

await mf.dispose();

@cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers (recommended for unit tests)

Per developers.cloudflare.com/workers/testing/vitest-integration:

// vitest.config.ts
import { defineWorkersConfig } from '@cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers/config';

export default defineWorkersConfig({
  test: {
    poolOptions: {
      workers: {
        wrangler: { configPath: './wrangler.toml' },
      },
    },
  },
});

// src/worker.test.ts
import { env, SELF } from 'cloudflare:test';
import { expect, test } from 'vitest';

test('responds with hello', async () => {
  const response = await SELF.fetch('https://example.com/');
  expect(await response.text()).toBe('Hello');
});

test('writes to KV', async () => {
  await env.MY_KV.put('key', 'value');
  expect(await env.MY_KV.get('key')).toBe('value');
});

This is the lowest-overhead test path - runs inside workerd.

Durable Objects testing

import { env } from 'cloudflare:test';

test('counter increments', async () => {
  const id = env.COUNTER.idFromName('test');
  const stub = env.COUNTER.get(id);
  const r1 = await stub.fetch('https://example.com/increment');
  expect(await r1.text()).toBe('1');
  const r2 = await stub.fetch('https://example.com/increment');
  expect(await r2.text()).toBe('2');
});

Per Cloudflare docs, the vitest-pool-workers env exposes the Durable Object namespace exactly as in production.

D1 testing

import { env } from 'cloudflare:test';

test('d1 query', async () => {
  await env.DB.exec('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INT, name TEXT)');
  await env.DB.prepare('INSERT INTO users VALUES (?, ?)').bind(1, 'alice').run();
  const { results } = await env.DB.prepare('SELECT * FROM users').all();
  expect(results).toEqual([{ id: 1, name: 'alice' }]);
});

Running

npx vitest run                # @cloudflare/vitest-pool-workers
wrangler dev                  # CLI dev

CI integration

jobs:
  workers-tests:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with: { node-version: '20' }
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npx vitest run

No CF account/API key needed - vitest-pool-workers runs locally via workerd.

Anti-patterns

Anti-pattern	Why it fails	Fix
Test against deployed Worker	Slow; flaky; rate-limited	Use vitest-pool-workers
Mock the fetch API	Loses Workers' standard-Web-Platform shape	Use real Worker isolation
Skip Durable Object tests	Fan-out + consistency bugs hide	Test DO classes directly
KV getWithMetadata not tested for stale-read behavior	KV is eventually consistent	Test the consistency requirements
Local-mode time differs from prod	Cron / scheduled triggers won't fire	Test via deployed Worker + Cloudflare Cron Trigger
Hardcoded API key in worker	Exposed in source map / fetch	Use Workers Secrets (wrangler secret)
No assertion on response headers	Cache-Control / CORS bugs	Inspect response.headers
Cold-start tests against local Worker	Local cold start ~0ms; not representative	Per serverless-integration-test-builder (its cold-start budget reference), test cold-start budget on deployed Worker

Limitations

• Workerd local-mode mirrors prod with ~95% fidelity. Edge- cases around network egress, KV durability, R2 ranges may differ. Test against staging for high-fidelity.
• No production analytics in local-mode. Workers Analytics Engine writes are no-ops locally.
• Bindings to remote services (e.g., remote KV from a different account) need explicit remote: true config in Wrangler 3.
• Cron Triggers don't fire locally. Schedule events need manual dispatchFetch('https://example.com/__scheduled').
• WebSocket Hibernation (Durable Objects) has subtleties in local mode; verify against deployed.

References

• Miniflare 3 docs: developers.cloudflare.com/workers/testing/miniflare/.
• Wrangler dev: developers.cloudflare.com/workers/wrangler/commands/#dev.
• vitest-pool-workers: developers.cloudflare.com/workers/testing/vitest-integration.
• Cloudflare Workers runtime overview: developers.cloudflare.com/workers.
• Companion catalog: serverless-integration-test-builder (its cold-start budget reference).
• Other serverless tools: aws-sam-local-testing, azure-functions-tests.