Modern C++

Guide for writing modern C++ using C++20, C++23, and C++26 idioms. Focuses on patterns that eliminate vulnerability classes and reduce boilerplate, with a security emphasis from Trail of Bits.

When to Use This Skill

• Writing new C++ functions, classes, or libraries
• Modernizing existing C++ code (pre-C++20 patterns)
• Choosing between legacy and modern approaches
• Working on security-critical or safety-sensitive C++
• Reviewing C++ code for modern idiom adoption

When NOT to Use This Skill

• User explicitly requires older standard: Respect constraints (embedded, legacy ABI)
• Pure C code: This skill is C++-specific
• Build system questions: CMake, Meson, Bazel configuration is out of scope
• Non-C++ projects: Mixed codebases where C++ isn't primary

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

Avoid	Use Instead	Why
new/delete	std::make_unique, std::make_shared	Eliminates leaks, double-free
Raw owning pointers	std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr	RAII ownership semantics
C arrays (int arr[N])	std::array<int, N>	Bounds-aware, value semantics
Pointer + length params	std::span<T>	Non-owning, bounds-checkable
printf / sprintf	std::format, std::print	Type-safe, no buffer overflow
C-style casts (int)x	static_cast<int>(x)	Explicit intent, auditable
#define constants	constexpr variables	Scoped, typed, debuggable
SFINAE / enable_if	Concepts + requires	Readable constraints and errors
Error codes + out params	std::expected<T, E>	Composable, type-safe errors
union	std::variant	Type-safe, no silent UB
Raw mutex.lock()/unlock()	std::scoped_lock	Exception-safe, no deadlocks
std::thread	std::jthread	Auto-join, stop token support
assert() macro	contract_assert (C++26)	Visible to tooling, configurable
Manual CRTP	Deducing this (C++23)	Simpler, no template boilerplate
Macro code generation	Reflection (C++26)	Zero-overhead, composable

See anti-patterns.md for the full table (30+ patterns).

Decision Tree

What are you doing?
|
+-- Writing new C++ code?
|   +-- Use modern idioms by default (C++20/23)
|   +-- Choose the newest standard your compiler supports
|   +-- See Feature Tiers below
|
+-- Modernizing existing code?
|   +-- Start with Tier 1 (C++20/23) replacements
|   +-- Prioritize by security impact (memory > types > style)
|   +-- See anti-patterns.md for the migration table
|
+-- Security-critical code?
|   +-- Enable compiler hardening flags (see below)
|   +-- Enable hardened libc++ mode
|   +-- Run sanitizers in CI
|   +-- See safe-idioms.md and compiler-hardening.md
|
+-- Using C++26 features?
    +-- Reflection: YES, plan for it (GCC 16+)
    +-- Contracts: cautiously, for new API boundaries
    +-- std::execution: wait for ecosystem maturity
    +-- See cpp26-features.md

Feature Tiers

Features are ranked by practical usability today, not by standard version.

Tier 1: Use Today (C++20/23, solid compiler support)

Feature	Replaces	Standard
Concepts + requires	SFINAE, enable_if	C++20
Ranges + views	Raw iterator loops	C++20
std::span<T>	Pointer + length	C++20
std::format	sprintf, iostream chains	C++20
Three-way comparison <=>	Manual comparison operators	C++20
std::jthread	std::thread + manual join	C++20
Designated initializers	Positional struct init	C++20
std::expected<T,E>	Error codes, exceptions at boundaries	C++23
std::print / std::println	printf, std::cout <<	C++23
Deducing this	CRTP, const/non-const duplication	C++23
std::flat_map	std::map for read-heavy use	C++23
Monadic std::optional	Nested if-checks on optionals	C++23

See cpp20-features.md and cpp23-features.md.

Tier 2: Deploy Now (no standard bump needed)

These improve safety without changing your C++ standard version:

• Compiler hardening flags — -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=3, -fstack-protector-strong, -ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero
• Hardened libc++ — -D_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE=_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST for ~0.3% overhead bounds-checking
• Sanitizers in CI — ASan + UBSan as minimum; TSan for concurrent code
• Warning flags — -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror

See compiler-hardening.md.

Tier 3: Plan For (C++26, worth restructuring around)

Reflection is the single most transformative C++26 feature. It eliminates:

• Serialization boilerplate (one generic function replaces per-struct to_json)
• Code generators (protobuf codegen, Qt MOC)
• Macro-based registration and enum-to-string hacks

GCC 16 (April 2026) has reflection merged. Plan new code to benefit from it.

Tier 4: Watch (C++26, needs maturation)

• Contracts (pre/post/contract_assert) — Better than assert(), but no virtual function support and limited compiler support. Adopt cautiously for new API boundaries.
• std::execution (senders/receivers) — Powerful async framework, but steep learning curve, no scheduler ships with it, and poor documentation. Wait for ecosystem maturity.

See cpp26-features.md.

Compiler Hardening Quick Reference

Essential Flags (GCC + Clang)

-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror
-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=3
-fstack-protector-strong
-fstack-clash-protection
-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero
-fPIE -pie
-Wl,-z,relro,-z,now

Clang-Specific

-Wunsafe-buffer-usage

Hardened libc++ (Clang/libc++ only)

-D_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE=_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST

Google deployed this across Chrome and their server fleet: ~0.3% overhead, 1000+ bugs found, 30% reduction in production segfaults.

See compiler-hardening.md for the full guide.

Rationalizations to Reject

Rationalization	Why It's Wrong
"It compiles without warnings"	Warnings depend on which flags you enable. Add -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic.
"ASan is too slow for production"	Use GWP-ASan for sampling-based production detection (~0% overhead).
"We only use safe containers"	Iterator invalidation and unchecked optional access are still exploitable.
"Smart pointers are slower"	std::unique_ptr has zero overhead vs raw pointers. Measure before claiming.
"Our code doesn't have memory bugs"	Google found 1000+ bugs when enabling hardened libc++. So did everyone else.
"C++26 features aren't available yet"	C++20/23 features are. Hardening flags work on any standard. Start there.
"Modern C++ is harder to read"	std::expected is more readable than checking error codes across 5 out-params.

Best Practices Checklist

• Use smart pointers for ownership, raw pointers only for non-owning observation
• Prefer std::span over pointer + length for function parameters
• Use std::expected for functions that can fail with typed errors
• Constrain templates with concepts, not SFINAE
• Enable compiler hardening flags and hardened libc++ in all builds
• Run ASan + UBSan in CI; add TSan for concurrent code
• Use constexpr / consteval where possible (UB-free by design)
• Mark functions [[nodiscard]] when ignoring the return value is likely a bug
• Prefer value semantics; use std::variant over union, enum class over enum
• Initialize all variables at declaration

Read Next

• anti-patterns.md — Full legacy-to-modern migration table (30+ patterns)
• cpp20-features.md — Concepts, ranges, span, format, coroutines
• cpp23-features.md — expected, print, deducing this, flat_map
• cpp26-features.md — Reflection, contracts, memory safety improvements
• compiler-hardening.md — Flags, sanitizers, hardened libc++
• safe-idioms.md — Security patterns by vulnerability class