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Physical principles underlying diodes, bipolar junction transistors, and MOSFETs — carrier concentrations, drift and diffusion, the pn junction, forward and reverse bias, the Shockley diode equation, BJT operating regions, MOSFET threshold and saturation, small-signal models, and temperature effects. Use when reasoning about device-level behavior, designing bias networks, selecting transistor operating points, interpreting datasheets, or diagnosing nonlinear device failures.

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Engineering ethics covering safety, professional codes of conduct, public welfare responsibility, whistleblowing, case studies (Challenger, Columbia, Hyatt Regency, Bhopal, Therac-25), and the ethical dimensions of design decisions. Includes the NSPE Code of Ethics, the iron ring tradition, risk communication, informed consent in engineering, and the duty to dissent. Use when analyzing ethical dimensions of engineering decisions, teaching professional responsibility, or reviewing designs for safety and public welfare.

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Foundations of individual economic decision-making, market structures, and strategic interaction. Covers supply and demand analysis, price elasticity, consumer and producer surplus, market structures (perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition), game theory (Nash equilibrium, dominant strategies, repeated games), and welfare economics. Use when analyzing individual markets, firm behavior, pricing strategies, consumer choice, or strategic interactions between economic agents.

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Economics of low-income countries and the structural transformation from agrarian poverty to industrial prosperity. Covers growth models (Solow, endogenous growth, unified growth theory), the role of institutions (inclusive vs. extractive), inequality measurement and dynamics (Gini, Lorenz curve, Kuznets), poverty traps and their mechanisms (nutritional, financial, geographical), foreign aid debates, and the capability approach as an alternative development metric. Use when analyzing why some countries are rich and others poor, evaluating development interventions, or reasoning about the relationships between growth, inequality, institutions, and human well-being.

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Being a constructive participant in networked communities. Covers digital footprint management, online etiquette and professional communication, collaborative tools, attribution and copyright, cyberbullying recognition and response, and the responsibilities that come with amplification. Use when helping learners think about how to behave online -- not what is technically allowed, but what is actually healthy for themselves and their communities.

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Grammar and syntactic structures across human languages -- word order typology (SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OVS, OSV), morphological systems (isolating, agglutinative, fusional, polysynthetic), agreement patterns (gender, number, case, person), phrase structure, clause embedding, and cross-linguistic universals. Covers constituent analysis, dependency vs. constituency grammars, grammatical relations (subject, object, oblique), ergativity vs. accusativity, tense-aspect-mood systems, and how grammar encodes meaning differently across language families. Use when analyzing sentence structure, comparing grammar systems, teaching grammatical concepts, or understanding why a learner makes transfer errors from their L1.

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Applying motion study and time analysis to household work. Based directly on Lillian Gilbreth's *The Home-Maker and Her Job* and *Cheaper by the Dozen*, this skill covers the therblig-motion catalog, task decomposition, batch processing, parallelism, routine chart design, and the ergonomics of work surfaces. Use when diagnosing why a household is running out of time, designing a weekly routine, teaching task sharing to children, or reducing the friction of any repeated household task.

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Teaching home-economics skills as a durable practice across generations and capacity levels. Covers scaffolded task sequencing, the one-in-one-out rule, the apprenticeship model, learning by failure tolerance, family retros, the edible schoolyard framework, and the difference between teaching a recipe and teaching a kitchen. Use when designing a home-ec curriculum for children or adults, diagnosing why a taught skill is not being practiced, or building a household practice that survives the departure of the teacher.

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Designing the household as an operating system. Covers room-function mapping, work-triangle analysis, storage topology, utility flow, and the Richards/Beecher lineage that treats the home as an engineered environment rather than a stage set. Use when planning a new kitchen, reorganizing a room, diagnosing friction in a daily routine, or teaching a learner to see the house as a system with inputs, flows, and outputs.

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Primary and secondary source analysis for historical reasoning. Covers source classification, sourcing (author/context/purpose), corroboration across multiple sources, contextualization within time and place, and bias detection. Use when evaluating historical evidence, assessing source reliability, or constructing evidence-based historical arguments.

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Historical argumentation, evidence-based writing, and oral history methods. Covers thesis development for historical arguments, evidence selection and deployment, counterargument construction and rebuttal, historical writing conventions, and the methodology of oral history as both source and practice. Use when constructing historical arguments, writing analytical essays, conducting oral history interviews, or assessing the quality of historical writing.

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Schools of historical thought, methodology debates, and the philosophy of history. Covers the major historiographical traditions (Annales, Marxist, feminist, postcolonial, subaltern, world-systems), their methodological commitments, their contributions and limitations, and the enduring debates about objectivity, narrative, and the nature of historical knowledge. Use when evaluating how different historians approach the same subject, understanding why historical interpretations change over time, or assessing the theoretical framework underlying a historical argument.

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Understanding and integrating multiple perspectives in historical analysis. Covers historical empathy (reconstructing how past actors understood their world), analyzing events from multiple viewpoints, constructing inclusive narratives that recover marginalized voices, and avoiding presentism (the imposition of contemporary values on past societies). Use when interpreting historical actors' motivations, assessing whose stories are told and whose are silenced, or guarding against anachronistic judgment.

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Migrates existing projects to GSD structure without rewriting history. Activates when user mentions "migrate to GSD", "adopt GSD", "convert project", "brownfield GSD", or wants to add GSD to existing work.

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Study of human activities, spatial patterns, and social processes on Earth's surface. Covers population and migration, cultural diffusion and landscapes, urbanization and city systems, economic geography and development, political geography and borders, and social/identity geographies. Use when reasoning about why people live where they do, how cultures spread, how cities grow, how economies are spatially organized, or how power operates through space.

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Human modification of Earth's systems and the geographic dimensions of environmental change. Covers climate change science (greenhouse effect, feedback loops, projections), deforestation and land use change, desertification and soil degradation, water resource management, biodiversity loss and conservation geography, pollution and environmental justice, and sustainability frameworks. Use when reasoning about human impacts on the environment, environmental policy, conservation planning, climate adaptation, or the spatial distribution of environmental risks.

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Map design, spatial analysis, and Geographic Information Systems. Covers map projections and their distortion trade-offs, coordinate systems, thematic mapping techniques (choropleth, proportional symbol, dot density, isoline), remote sensing and satellite imagery, GIS data models (vector and raster), spatial analysis operations (overlay, buffer, interpolation, network analysis), and cartographic design principles. Use when creating maps, analyzing spatial data, selecting projections, interpreting satellite imagery, or reasoning about spatial relationships in any domain.

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Assessing anthropogenic environmental impacts — pollution pathways, habitat destruction and fragmentation, land-use change, invasive species, overharvest, and extinction debt. Covers environmental impact assessment (EIA) methodology, exposure-effect relationships, population viability analysis, IPAT and ecological footprint frameworks, and strategic environmental assessment. Use when quantifying or forecasting human impacts on ecosystems, designing monitoring programs, or evaluating a proposed intervention against a baseline.

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Ecological organization, energy flow, food webs, biodiversity, succession, and species interactions. Covers trophic structure, primary productivity, nutrient transfer efficiency, keystone and foundation species, ecosystem services, carrying capacity, disturbance regimes, primary and secondary succession, and resilience metrics. Use when analyzing how living communities are organized, how energy and matter move through ecosystems, how disturbance and recovery shape landscapes, or why biodiversity matters for ecosystem function.

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Climate physics, forcing, feedback, and attribution. Covers the greenhouse effect and radiative forcing, climate sensitivity, fast and slow feedbacks, the paleoclimate record, detection and attribution science, regional climate impacts, and the distinction between weather, climate variability, and forced climate change. Use when reasoning about global warming mechanisms, interpreting temperature or CO2 records, evaluating attribution claims for extreme events, or distinguishing signal from natural variability.

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Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and water cycles — pools, fluxes, residence times, and anthropogenic perturbations. Covers the fast and slow carbon cycles, the Haber-Bosch disruption of the nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus bottleneck, the hydrological cycle, ocean acidification, and the planetary boundaries framework. Use when tracking chemical elements through atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere; computing pool sizes and fluxes; or evaluating anthropogenic perturbations to global cycles.

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Systems engineering covering requirements management, the V-model lifecycle, integration planning, verification and validation (V&V), interface control, trade studies, and the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook. Spans the full lifecycle from concept through operations and disposal. Includes requirements decomposition, traceability matrices, configuration management, and technical performance measures. Use when managing complex system development, writing requirements, planning integration, or conducting V&V activities.

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Statics, dynamics, stress-strain analysis, materials selection, failure modes, and finite element analysis concepts for engineered structures. Covers free-body diagrams, equilibrium, internal forces (shear and moment), beam deflection, column buckling, material properties, factor of safety, fatigue, fracture mechanics, and FEA workflow. Use when analyzing loads on structures, selecting materials, predicting failure, or interpreting structural behavior.

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Classical control and system dynamics for engineered systems — feedback and closed-loop control, transfer functions and block diagrams, poles/zeros and stability, time-domain response (rise time, overshoot, settling time), PID controllers and tuning, and frequency response (Bode plots, gain and phase margin). Traces feedback control from the flyball governor to modern controllers. Use when analyzing feedback loops, designing or tuning a PID controller, assessing stability from poles or margins, or characterizing transient response of a dynamic system.

日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。