「cti」の検索結果

Delimits putative species boundaries from molecular data within the de Queiroz 2007 unified-lineage framework using ASAP (Puillandre 2021 successor to ABGD), mPTP C++ (Kapli 2017 successor to bPTP; bPTP is Python NOT R), GMYC single/multi-threshold (Pons 2006; Fujisawa 2013), multilocus BPP v4 with prior calibration from data (NOT defaults; Yang 2015), SNAPP + BFD* for SNP delimitation, DELINEATE (Sukumaran 2021) speciation-process modeling to address Sukumaran & Knowles 2017 PNAS critique that MSC delimits structure not species, integrative-taxonomy congruence (Padial 2010; Carstens 2013), Dsuite for introgression testing before sister claims (Malinsky 2021), and Meyer & Paulay 2005 barcoding-gap-absence caveat. Use when delineating species from DNA barcoding data, resolving cryptic complexes, choosing among ASAP/mPTP/BPP/DELINEATE, calibrating BPP priors, distinguishing introgression from ILS, or applying the Sukumaran-Knowles oversplitting correction.

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Analyzes time-series and longitudinal RNA-seq for differential expression and trajectory structure. Covers DESeq2 LRT with reduced models, time as factor vs continuous vs natural splines, maSigPro (Nueda 2014 for RNA-seq), ImpulseDE2 with explicit impulse-model failure modes, DREAM for repeated measures via linear mixed models, pseudoreplication avoidance, conditional vs marginal modeling, and trajectory clustering with DPGP, Mfuzz (with Schwämmle 2010 fuzzifier estimation), and splines+k-means. Use when modeling time-course or longitudinal expression, choosing factor vs spline, handling repeated measures from the same subject, avoiding pseudoreplication, clustering temporal trajectories, or selecting between dedicated time-course tools and pairwise+LRT.

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Assigns isolate identity at the right resolution for the question -- ANI / Mash species triage, 7-locus MLST historical comparability, cgMLST / wgMLST outbreak resolution (chewBBACA, BIGSdb, Ridom SeqSphere, EnteroBase HierCC), in-silico serotyping (SISTR, SeqSero2 for Salmonella; SerotypeFinder for E. coli; Kaptive K/O for Klebsiella; SeroBA for pneumococcus; spa + SCCmec for S. aureus), and lineage callers (TB-Profiler / Mykrobe Coll-Napier barcode for MTBC, Pangolin + Nextclade for SARS-CoV-2, PopPUNK GPSC for S. pneumoniae). Use when typing bacterial isolates for surveillance or outbreak investigation, choosing between cgMLST allele distance and core-SNP distance for cluster definition, harmonising calls across schemas / database versions (chewBBACA vs Ridom vs EnteroBase), assigning MTBC lineage with the Napier 2020 90-SNP barcode, calling Salmonella serovar via SISTR with monophasic Typhimurium awareness, running Pangolin UShER mode with explicit pangolin-data version pinning, or selecting a typing resolution to match the surveillance question.

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Identifies differential m6A methylation between conditions from MeRIP-seq paired IP/input data using exomePeak2 with `bam_ip` + `bam_input` (control arm) and `bam_treated_ip` + `bam_treated_input` (treatment arm) for integrated GC-bias-aware differential calling (Liu 2022 *NAR Genom Bioinform* 4:lqac046), QNB beta-binomial test (Liu 2017 *BMC Bioinformatics* 18:387), MeTDiff HMM-based differential bundled with MeTPeak, RADAR (Zhang 2019 *Genome Biol* 20:294) with its `filterBins -> diffIP -> reportResult` workflow, and the defensible paired-symmetric case of edgeR / DESeq2 on featureCounts-on-peaks matrices when batch / lot covariates need explicit fixed-effect handling (exomePeak2's top-level API does NOT accept arbitrary covariates). Covers paired vs unpaired vs interaction designs, batch confounding (antibody lot, RNA prep, sequencing run) and the per-lot meta-analysis strategy when exomePeak2 is the primary caller, the stoichiometry-vs-expression-vs-IP-efficiency confound that all MeRIP differential methods inherit, normalisation choice (size factor on IP, on input, on per-sample IP/input ratio), the McIntyre 2020 reproducibility caveat, effect-size filtering as a guardrail against under-powered N=2 designs, and orthogonal-validation routes for absolute stoichiometry (GLORI / SAC-seq / m6Anet `mod_ratio`). Use when comparing m6A levels across two or more conditions, choosing between exomePeak2 / QNB / RADAR / MeTDiff for a given design, handling batch confounding when exomePeak2's API is too rigid, normalising against input properly, distinguishing real hyper- / hypo-methylation from expression-level shifts, applying effect-size thresholds, interpreting volcano plots of differential peaks, or planning a follow-up orthogonal stoichiometry validation.

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Creates DE-specific diagnostic and result visualizations using DESeq2/edgeR built-in functions and lightweight ggplot2 wrappers. Covers MA plot (with the shrunken-LFC compression effect), volcano (with the apeglm caveat that p-values are unchanged), PCA on VST/rlog (never raw counts), sample distance heatmaps, top-DE-gene heatmaps with the row-scaling trap, dispersion / BCV plot interpretation, p-value histogram diagnostics, plotCounts for individual genes, blind=TRUE vs FALSE rationale, and the n=3 visualization stake. Use when generating DE diagnostic plots, choosing VST vs rlog for visualization, troubleshooting suspicious plot patterns (shifted MA cloud, batch-dominated PCA, anti-conservative p-value histogram), or building a standard QC figure panel.

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Detects and removes doublets/aggregates from flow, spectral, and mass cytometry before clustering or quantification. Covers FSC-A vs FSC-H singlet discrimination (the Area-Height non-proportionality, not a 1D area gate), FSC-W/SSC width gating, CyTOF Gaussian discrimination parameters (Center/Offset/Width/Residual/Event_length) and DNA intercalator gating, and the residual heterotypic conjugates that survive scatter gating and masquerade as double-positive populations. Use when filtering aggregates before phenotyping, choosing a doublet method for flow vs CyTOF, or diagnosing a suspicious double-positive cluster.

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Calls m6A peaks from MeRIP-seq / m6A-seq paired IP-vs-input data using exomePeak2 (transcript-aware, GC-bias-corrected Poisson GLM; Liu 2022 *NAR Genom Bioinform* 4:lqac046), MeTPeak (HMM over sliding windows; Cui 2016 *Bioinformatics* 32:i378), MACS3 / MACS2 with --nomodel --broad --keep-dup all (genome-wide broad alternative), and DRACH motif enrichment confirmation via HOMER or ggseqlogo as a sanity check (NOT a filter). Covers BED12 vs narrowPeak output formats, exonic vs intronic peak handling, multi-tool reconciliation (intersection vs union; cross-caller IDR-equivalent), the m6A-vs-m6Am ambiguity at 5'UTR peaks that antibody-based methods cannot resolve, and orthogonal-validation routes (miCLIP / GLORI / m6A-SAC-seq / m6Anet). Use when calling peaks from paired IP/input genome BAMs, choosing exomePeak2 (transcript-aware default) vs MACS3 (broad genomic) vs MeTPeak (HMM-smoothed low-coverage), confirming DRACH enrichment as a sanity check on the peak set as a whole, reconciling differing peak sets across tools, validating MeRIP peaks against orthogonal single-base methods, interpreting peaks at the 5' end where m6Am contamination is possible, or recommending a multi-tool consensus strategy.

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Detects acquired antimicrobial-resistance determinants and chromosomal point-mutation resistance in bacterial assemblies using AMRFinderPlus, ResFinder 4.0 (acquired + PointFinder), CARD-RGI, abritAMR, staramr, and species-specific callers (TB-Profiler, Mykrobe). Harmonises cross-tool output via hAMRonization, contextualises determinants with mobile-genetic-element annotation (MOB-suite, PlasmidFinder, MobileElementFinder, ICEberg), predicts phenotype against EUCAST or CLSI breakpoints, and translates calls into WHO GLASS reporting categories. Use when screening clinical or surveillance isolates for AMR, distinguishing acquired vs intrinsic vs point-mutation resistance, calling rpoB / katG / pncA / gyrA / mgrB mutations, reconciling AMRFinderPlus vs RGI vs ResFinder disagreement, contextualising carbapenemases or mcr alleles on plasmids, predicting susceptibility from genotype against the WHO Mtb 2nd-edition catalogue, or building a hAMRonized multi-lab AMR surveillance pipeline.

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Handles batch effects in bulk RNA-seq via design-matrix inclusion (the correct path for DE), ComBat/ComBat-seq for visualization, SVA for unknown latent factors, RUVSeq for negative-control-gene-anchored unwanted variation, and limma::removeBatchEffect for plotting only. Encodes the Nygaard 2016 cardinal sin against testing on a batch-corrected matrix, the choice between SVA/RUVg/RUVs/RUVr, the confounding non-identifiability problem, the single-cell boundary (Harmony/MNN are NOT for bulk), and the Goh 2017 harmonization critique. Use when designing a DE analysis with batch structure, troubleshooting batch-dominated PCA, choosing ComBat vs ComBat-seq, handling unknown batch via SVA, integrating across studies, or deciding when (rarely) to subtract batch.

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Quality control for flow, spectral, and mass cytometry - time-based anomaly cleaning (flowAI, flowCut, PeacoQC, flowClean), margin/boundary event removal, signal-drift detection, dead-cell exclusion, CyTOF Gaussian/DNA/event-length checks, instrument calibration/standardization (MESF, CS&T, peak-2), and batch-level outlier flagging. Use when assessing acquisition quality, choosing a cleaning tool, ordering QC relative to compensation, deciding margin removal before density-based steps, or flagging problematic samples before clustering or differential analysis.

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Query the Ensembl REST API for gene/transcript/protein lookup, sequence retrieval, comparative genomics (Compara), variant effect prediction (VEP), regulatory features, and cross-species ortholog/paralog calls. Use when pulling Ensembl-native data (Ensembl Gene IDs, version-pinned releases, archive endpoints for reproducibility), gene/transcript/exon structure with stable IDs, or VEP for variant annotation. Encodes the 15 req/sec rate limit, archive (e110.rest.ensembl.org) for reproducibility, Ensembl divisions (vertebrates / plants / fungi / metazoa / bacteria), and the symbol-vs-ID stability problem.

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Compose multi-panel publication figures with patchwork, cowplot, gridExtra (R), or matplotlib GridSpec/subfigures (Python) including shared axes/legends/guides collection, panel labels in Nature/Cell convention, and journal-spec sizing. Covers patchwork ≥1.2.0 axes='collect' feature, Type-42 font embedding, and the cairo_pdf save path. Use when composing 2+ subpanels into a single figure for journal submission.

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Build local BLAST databases and run searches using NCBI BLAST+ command-line tools. Use when running >50 queries, building custom databases with -parse_seqids and -taxid, downloading prebuilt NCBI databases via update_blastdb.pl, choosing -task variants (megablast/dc-megablast/blastn/blastn-short), tuning soft/hard masking, scaling threads, or extracting hits with blastdbcmd. Encodes BLAST v5 vs v4 database format, taxonomy filtering, makeblastdb pitfalls.

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Build sequence logos from aligned DNA, RNA, or protein motifs using ggseqlogo (R), Logomaker (Python), or WebLogo with explicit bits vs probability encoding, background-frequency correction, custom alphabets, and multi-logo stacking. Use when visualizing motif PWMs (TF binding, splice sites, CRISPR spacers), aligned-position composition, or comparing two motif sets.

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Build genome-browser-style multi-track figures with pyGenomeTracks (config-driven), Gviz (R), and IGV batch screenshotting. Covers BigWig coverage tracks, BED/peak overlays, gene-model rendering, Hi-C matrix tracks, BedPE link arcs, spike-in-aware normalization, and the bamCoverage --normalizeUsing trap. Use when producing publication figures of genomic loci with stacked aligned tracks (coverage, peaks, genes, interactions) for ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, Hi-C, or generic locus visualization.

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Visualize biological networks (PPI, gene-regulatory, co-expression, pathway) with layout algorithm choice (ForceAtlas2, Fruchterman-Reingold, Kamada-Kawai, hive plots), edge bundling, community-based coloring, and reproducible seeds using NetworkX, PyVis, igraph, and Cytoscape automation. Use when rendering biological networks for static publication, interactive HTML exploration, or Cytoscape-format export.

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Build UpSet plots to visualize set intersections beyond 4 sets (where Venn fails) using ComplexUpset (modern, ggplot2-grammar) or the unmaintained UpSetR, with explicit cardinality vs degree sorting, attribute panels, and query highlighting. Use when comparing overlap across many gene sets, peak sets, variant lists, or any set membership matrix where Venn diagrams become illegible.

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Add p-value brackets, significance asterisks, and effect-size annotations to distribution plots using ggpubr, ggsignif, and statannotations with correct test selection (parametric vs non-parametric vs paired), multiple-testing adjustment, and rendering of negative results. Use when a boxplot/violin/raincloud needs in-figure statistical comparisons between groups.

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Analyzes pooled CRISPR screens with MAGeCK (Li et al 2014), covering count generation (mageck count), the RRA two-condition workflow (mageck test using alpha-RRA over per-sgRNA negative-binomial p-values), the MLE multi-condition workflow (mageck mle with explicit design matrix and beta-score output), normalization choice (median vs total vs control-sgRNA vs spike-in), sgRNA efficiency injection, paired-sample testing, time-course design, drug-screen versus dropout-screen design matrices, MAGeCKFlute and MAGeCK-VISPR downstream visualization, and decision logic for when to use MAGeCK vs JACKS / BAGEL2 / drugZ / Chronos. Use when running a fresh CRISPR screen analysis, picking RRA vs MLE for the experimental design, choosing a normalization method from QC signatures, debugging MLE convergence failure or NaN beta scores, comparing MAGeCK output across tools, or building a batch-aware multi-cell-line / multi-condition MLE design matrix.

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Identifies essential genes from CRISPR-Cas9 fitness screens using BAGEL2 (Kim & Hart 2021 Genome Med), a Bayesian classifier scoring per-gene Bayes Factors via log-likelihood ratios over per-sgRNA fold changes, calibrated against CEGv2 core-essentials (Hart 2017 G3, ~684 genes) and NEGv1 non-essentials (Hart 2014, ~927 genes). Covers the fc + bf + pr workflow, the linear-extrapolation improvement over BAGEL1 truncation, multi-target off-target correction, tumor-suppressor sensitivity (BAGEL2 detects enrichment), and BF-to-FDR calibration (BF >6 ≈ FDR 0.05 from Hart 2017). Use when classifying essential vs non-essential genes, calibrating BAGEL2 thresholds against PR curves, identifying tumor suppressors alongside essentials, comparing BAGEL2 hits to MAGeCK / drugZ, or generating publication-quality essentiality calls.

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Designs and analyzes in vivo CRISPR screens in animal tumor models, organoids, and immune-cell adoptive transfers. Covers bottleneck math (250x cells/sgRNA requires ~25M cells implanted; impossible for most syngeneic models, forcing focused libraries), focused library design (Manguso 2017 Nature 547:413 immune screen; Chen 2015 tumor screens), CRISPR-StAR intrinsic-control screening (Uijttewaal 2025 Nat Biotechnol 43:1848), clonal-dynamics-limited detection, tumor-explant DNA recovery, syngeneic vs xenograft vs PDX considerations, and the relationship to downstream MAGeCK / drugZ analysis. Use when designing in vivo CRISPR screens for tumor / immune / metastasis biology, choosing focused vs genome-wide for animal models, addressing bottleneck-induced clonal collapse, picking the syngeneic / xenograft / PDX model, integrating in vivo with in vitro results, or applying CRISPR-StAR for animal experiments.

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Runs JACKS (Joint Analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Screens; Allen et al 2019 Genome Research) which models per-sgRNA log-fold-change as the product of a treatment-dependent gene-essentiality term and a treatment-independent guide-efficacy term. Covers the Bayesian decomposition math, the hierarchical efficacy prior shared across screens performed with the same library, when JACKS outperforms MAGeCK (multi-screen joint analysis, libraries with broad efficacy variance) and when it does not (single screen, novel libraries with no prior efficacy), library-reuse efficacy transfer, downstream essentiality interpretation, and the 2.5x sample-size reduction enabled by efficacy-aware testing. Use when running multiple screens with the same library, when guide-level noise is suspected to dominate per-gene signal, when reusing published essentiality reference screens for efficacy priors, or when comparing screens performed across cell lines that share library but differ biologically.

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Designs pooled sgRNA libraries for CRISPR knockout, interference (CRISPRi), activation (CRISPRa), Cas12a multiplex, base-editor, and prime-editor screens. Covers on-target scoring (Rule Set 2, Azimuth, DeepSpCas9, CRISPRon), off-target scoring (CFD, MIT), TSS-relative positioning for CRISPRi/a (Horlbeck, Dolcetto, Calabrese), PAM-variant chemistries, control-guide composition, oligo cloning architecture, and library QC. Use when choosing a genome-wide library (GeCKOv2 vs Avana vs Brunello vs TKOv3 vs Inzolia), designing a focused or paralog-focused custom library, picking CRISPRi vs CRISPRa TSS windows, deciding control-guide proportions, or diagnosing library skew and dropout in a freshly cloned pool.

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Detect introgression and admixture between species or populations using Dsuite (Malinsky 2021 fast D-statistics), Patterson's D / ABBA-BABA test (Green 2010; Durand 2011), f4-ratio and f-branch statistic (Malinsky 2018), TreeMix (Pickrell & Pritchard 2012), HyDe (Blischak 2018), QuIBL (Edelman 2019), sprime (Browning 2018), Twisst (Martin 2017), PhyloNet (Solis-Lemus 2017) for explicit phylogenetic networks, and qpAdm / qpGraph (Patterson 2012; Lipson 2013). Distinguish introgression from incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), ancestral structure, ghost-lineage admixture, and rate variation. Use when testing inter-species gene flow, dating admixture events, identifying introgressed segments, building phylogenetic networks for reticulate evolution, or applying the ABBAclustering (Koppetsch-Malinsky-Matschiner 2024) framework for divergent-species gene flow.

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