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IoT and embedded device security testing methodology. Covers hardware reconnaissance (UART, JTAG, SWD, SPI flash, I2C EEPROM, eMMC chip-off), firmware acquisition (vendor portals, OTA capture, flash dump, binwalk extraction), firmware analysis (filesystem mounting, binary triage, hardcoded secrets, default credential discovery), bootloader attacks (U-Boot console, secure-boot bypass, fault injection), runtime attacks on embedded Linux/RTOS (busybox CVEs, MTD writes, /dev/mem), wireless protocol attacks (Zigbee, BLE, Z-Wave, LoRaWAN, Thread/Matter, sub-GHz), MQTT/CoAP/Modbus/BACnet/OPC-UA exploitation, mobile companion app analysis, cloud-IoT API abuse, and side-channel/glitching basics. Use for IoT pentest, smart-home assessment, ICS/OT testing, or embedded vulnerability research.

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KRACK (CVE-2017-13077..082) and FragAttacks (CVE-2020-24586..588 + 26139-26147) — key reinstallation, fragmentation, and aggregation attacks against WPA2 supplicants. Covers Vanhoef's test scripts, viability against modern patched stacks (mostly mitigated post-2021), residual unpatched embedded devices and IoT vendors, and the practical limitations of these attacks in modern engagements. Use when assessing legacy supplicants, embedded clients, or vendors with poor patch cadence.

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit NoSQL injection vulnerabilities.

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Wi-Fi reconnaissance methodology — adapter selection, monitor mode and packet injection setup, regulatory domain handling, multi-band airspace mapping, hidden SSID discovery, BSSID/ESSID/channel/PMF/encryption fingerprinting, client probe analysis, vendor OUI lookup, war-driving with Kismet/airodump-ng/Wigle, and structured airspace data capture for downstream attacks. Use at the start of any wireless engagement to build the target map before active attacks; covers 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz (Wi-Fi 6E) bands and adapter compatibility for each.

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Wireless / 802.11 attack methodology for red team engagements and wireless security assessments. Covers monitor-mode setup, WPA/WPA2-PSK handshake capture and PMKID attacks, WPA3 SAE downgrade and Dragonblood, WPA-Enterprise (EAP) attacks (MSCHAPv2 cracking, EAP-TLS cert theft, evil-twin RADIUS), Karma / Known Beacons / Mana evil twin attacks, captive-portal phishing, KRACK and FragAttacks, WPS Pixie Dust, deauthentication and disassociation attacks, rogue AP construction (hostapd-mana), 802.1X bypass, MAC randomization defeat, BLE/Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 sidebands, and Wi-Fi 6/6E/7 considerations. Use when scoping wireless pentest, war-driving an estate, or testing corporate wireless segmentation.

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WPA/WPA2/WPA3-Enterprise (802.1X / EAP) attack methodology — EAP method identification (PEAP-MSCHAPv2, EAP-TTLS, EAP-TLS, EAP-GTC, EAP-PWD, EAP-FAST), evil-twin RADIUS attacks with eaphammer for credential capture, MSCHAPv2 challenge-response cracking, EAP-TLS client certificate theft paths (DPAPI, NDES, AD CS auto-enrollment), supplicant validation bypass (missing server cert validation, missing CN pinning, BYOD misconfigurations), and post-capture pivots into AD via cracked domain credentials. Use for corporate Wi-Fi engagements where the network is 802.1X authenticated.

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WPA/WPA2-PSK attack methodology — four-way handshake capture via targeted deauthentication, PMKID attacks (no client required), hcxdumptool / hcxpcapngtool conversion to hashcat hc22000 format, GPU-accelerated cracking with dictionary, mask, and rule-based attacks, vendor default-PSK generators (UPC, Sky, BT, etc.), 802.11r FT key cracking, opportunistic key cache analysis, and signal-level optimization. Use when the in-scope network is WPA/WPA2 Personal — the most common consumer/SMB encryption mode.

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WPA3 / SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals) attack methodology — transition-mode (mixed WPA2/WPA3) downgrade, Dragonblood side-channel attacks (CVE-2019-9494, 9495, 13377, 13456), SAE auth flooding for AP CPU exhaustion, Hash-to-Element (H2E) timing analysis, group downgrade, and 6 GHz / Wi-Fi 6E spec implications (PMF mandatory, no transition mode allowed). Use when target advertises WPA3-SAE or WPA3-Personal/Enterprise, or operates in 6 GHz where WPA3 + PMF are required by spec.

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WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) PIN attack methodology — Pixie Dust offline attack against vulnerable chipsets (Ralink, Realtek, Broadcom, MediaTek), online PIN brute-force with reaver/bully, lockout handling, time-of-day evasion, WPS push-button vulnerability windows, and PIN-to-PSK derivation. Use when a target SOHO router exposes WPS — common on consumer ISP gear, often left enabled by default even when WPS attacks have been known for over a decade.

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit file inclusion vulnerabilities. The

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit PHP code injection where user input

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit Python code injection via eval(),

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit LDAP injection vulnerabilities.

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You are helping a penetration tester deploy webshells to web server document

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You are a vulnerability researcher reviewing application source code for

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit JWT (JSON Web Token)

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit CSRF vulnerabilities. The target

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit .NET deserialization

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit HTTP request smuggling

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit race conditions and TOCTOU

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit Java deserialization

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit error-based SQL injection. The

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You are helping a penetration tester exploit PHP deserialization

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You are helping a penetration tester bypass file upload restrictions to achieve

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