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Performs subgroup and heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) analyses for clinical trials. Covers Mantel-Haenszel pooling, Breslow-Day, interaction tests in regression, RERI for additive interaction, modern data-adaptive HTE methods (STEPP, SIDES, causal forests, X/R-learners), Bayesian shrinkage (Dixon-Simon, MAP, EXNEX), graphical multiplicity (Bretz-Maurer), and credibility frameworks (Sun BMJ, EMA 2019). Use when analyzing treatment effects across patient subgroups for regulatory submissions or precision-medicine claims.

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Constructs and validates polygenic risk scores using LDpred2-auto, SBayesRC, MegaPRS, PRS-CS, PROSPER, MUSSEL, BridgePRS, JointPRS, PRSmix, or PGS Catalog Calculator with ancestry-aware reference panels (HapMap3, UKB-LD), Pejaver-style calibration, and PRS-RS reporting standards. Use when computing PRS for cohorts, applying Whiffin-style absolute-risk transformation, assessing cross-ancestry portability (Martin 2017 / Ding 2023 continuous ancestry), or auditing PRS manuscripts against the 22-item PRS-RS reviewer checklist.

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Detect positive (diversifying / episodic / pervasive) selection using codon dN/dS frameworks. Implements PAML codeml site models (M0/M1a/M2a/M7/M8/M8a), branch models, branch-site model A (Zhang 2005), and HyPhy methods (BUSTED, BUSTED-S, BUSTED-MH, BUSTED-PH, MEME, FEL, FUBAR, aBSREL, SLAC, RELAX, GARD, FUBAR-MH). Includes McDonald-Kreitman framework (asymptotic alpha, impMKT, polyDFE, DFE-alpha, GRAPES) for within-species + divergence inference, RERconverge for trait-correlated rate shifts, CSUBST for convergent substitution, and PhyloAcc for accelerated noncoding evolution. Use when testing adaptive evolution at codons, branches, or full gene; running GARD recombination pre-screen; controlling alignment-error and gBGC false positives; reconciling PAML vs HyPhy results; or performing genome-scale selection scans.

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Project gene annotations across genomes using TOGA (Kirilenko 2023 whole-genome-alignment chain-based projection with intactness classification), CESAR 2.0 (Sharma & Hiller 2017 codon-aware exon projection), LiftOff (Shumate & Salzberg 2020 reference-based annotation transfer), Liftover (UCSC), GeMoMa (Keilwagen 2019 evidence-based projection), and Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT). Use when transferring annotations from a well-annotated reference to query genome(s), classifying gene-loss vs gene-intact across many genomes at scale, building Zoonomia-style comparative annotations across hundreds of mammals or birds (Kirilenko 2023), detecting pseudogenization, projecting alternative isoforms, or selecting between WGA-anchored (TOGA) vs ortholog-based (LiftOff) annotation transfer strategies.

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Reconstruct ancestral states at internal phylogenetic nodes for sequences (PAML codeml, IQ-TREE --ancestral, GRASP, FastML), discrete traits (corHMM hidden-rate Markov, ape::ace, phytools::make.simmap stochastic mapping, BayesTraits), and continuous traits (phytools::fastAnc, geiger Brownian/OU, RPANDA). Use when designing constructs for ancestral protein resurrection, tracing trait evolution along a tree, performing stochastic character mapping, testing models of trait evolution (BM vs OU vs EB), inferring ancestral genome content via Dollo or DTL reconciliation, or quantifying ancestral-state uncertainty for downstream comparative analyses.

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Infer orthologous genes and gene families across species using OrthoFinder3 (HOG-based phylogenetic orthology), SonicParanoid2, Broccoli, ProteinOrtho, OMA / FastOMA hierarchical orthologous groups, eggNOG-mapper, JustOrthologs, and TOGA whole-genome-alignment orthology. Use when building single-copy ortholog sets for phylogenomics, classifying co-orthologs and in/out-paralogs after gene duplication, propagating functional annotation via orthology with awareness of the ortholog conjecture, distinguishing speciation from duplication via gene-tree species-tree reconciliation, computing Quest-for-Orthologs benchmark performance, or running synteny-aware ortholog detection in WGD-affected lineages.

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Reads, validates, and prepares CDISC SDTM and ADaM clinical trial data for analysis. Covers SDTM domain joins (DM, AE, EX, VS, LB, DS), ADaM architecture (ADSL, BDS, OCCDS, ADTTE) with traceability, treatment-emergent AE conventions, baseline derivation, SUPPQUAL/NSV handling, Define-XML 2.1, and Pinnacle 21 / CORE validation. Use when working with clinical trial datasets in CDISC SDTM/ADaM format, preparing analysis-ready data, or validating for regulatory submission.

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Estimate causal effects of an exposure on an outcome from GWAS summary statistics using genetic instruments. Implements IVW (fixed/random), MR-Egger, weighted median/mode, MR-RAPS, CAUSE, GSMR-HEIDI, MR-PRESSO, MVMR, MR-Clust, LCV, and LHC-MR via TwoSampleMR, MendelianRandomization, MR-PRESSO, cause, and lhcMR. Use when testing causal direction between traits, evaluating drug-target effects via cis-pQTL/cis-eQTL, performing multivariable mediation MR, distinguishing causation from correlated horizontal pleiotropy, or producing STROBE-MR-compliant sensitivity batteries.

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Runs cis-pQTL Mendelian randomization for drug-target validation using UKB-PPP (Olink), deCODE (SomaScan), Fenland, INTERVAL, ARIC, and FinnGen-PPP proteomes plus colocalization triangulation, phenome-wide on-target adverse-effect scans, cross-platform Olink/SomaScan replication, and PAV (protein-altering variant) sensitivity. Use when nominating or de-risking a drug target from plasma-proteome GWAS, mimicking pharmacological inhibition via cis-pQTL instruments, separating shared-causal from LD-confounded signal under the Schmidt 2020 cis-MR framework, screening on-target adverse phenotypes pheWAS-style, or producing publication-grade STROBE-MR plus PP.H4 evidence for a target gene.

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Performs gene-level association from GWAS summary statistics via genetically predicted tissue expression using FUSION, PrediXcan, S-PrediXcan, S-MultiXcan, UTMOST, MOSTWAS, kTWAS, EpiXcan, TIGAR-V2, and probabilistic fine-mapping with FOCUS and MA-FOCUS. Use when running TWAS from GWAS sumstats, prioritising candidate causal genes from a GWAS lead locus, picking single-tissue vs cross-tissue models, identifying LD-induced TWAS false positives, choosing ancestry-matched prediction weights, fine-mapping co-regulated TWAS hits, or triangulating TWAS with cis-eQTL Mendelian randomization and colocalization to nominate a causal gene.

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Performs ML-based protein-ligand pose prediction and scoring using DiffDock-L (diffusion-based), Boltz-1 / Boltz-2 (foundation model with affinity), Chai-1, AlphaFold3 ligand, EquiBind, TANKBind, NeuralPLexer, and hybrid workflows (DiffDock pose + GNINA rescore + PoseBusters QC). Explicit handling of when ML beats classical docking, when classical beats ML, the PB-invalid pose problem, and rescoring as the standard production hybrid. Use when modern docking is needed: foundation-model ligand-pose prediction, AI rescoring of classical poses, or scaffold-hopping in cross-docking scenarios.

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Builds and applies 3D pharmacophore models using RDKit Pharm3D, the apo2ph4 receptor-based workflow (Heider et al 2022/2023 J Chem Inf Model 63:147-158), Pharmer / Pharmit (search), and PharmacoForge (diffusion-based generation, Flynn et al 2025 Front Bioinform), covering ligand-based pharmacophore (from active set alignment) and receptor-based pharmacophore (from binding pocket geometry). Explicit handling of feature types, geometric tolerances, partial matching, and pharmacophore-based virtual screening. Use when identifying scaffold-hopping candidates, building shape-and-feature search queries, or transferring SAR across chemotypes.

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Performs structure-based virtual screening using AutoDock Vina, SMINA, GNINA (CNN scoring), and DiffDock-L hybrid workflows with explicit choice rules across rigid vs flexible docking, cross-docking vs self-docking, binding-site detection (P2Rank, fpocket), receptor preparation (PDB2PQR, PROPKA), ligand preparation (meeko, OpenBabel), and ultralarge-library screening (ZINC22, Enamine REAL). Use when screening chemical libraries against a protein target to find candidate binders, ranking docking poses, or selecting a docking workflow for a specific scenario.

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Designs adaptive clinical trials including group-sequential (O'Brien-Fleming, Pocock, Lan-DeMets spending), sample-size re-estimation (blinded Friede-Kieser, unblinded Cui-Hung-Wang, Mehta-Pocock promising zone), seamless Phase 2/3 with treatment-arm selection, population enrichment, and response-adaptive randomisation. Covers FDA 2019 Final Adaptive Designs Guidance, FDA 2022 Master Protocols, and ICH E20 Step 2b/3 draft (June 2025, NOT final). Use when planning interim analyses, sample-size re-estimation, or master/platform-trial designs.

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Performs logistic regression for clinical trial outcomes (binary, ordinal, multinomial) with marginal-vs-conditional estimand reporting per FDA 2023 covariate adjustment guidance, g-computation/standardisation for marginal effects, modified Poisson for RR, Brant test for proportional odds, Firth penalty for separation, and Hauck-Donner detection. Use when modeling binary or ordinal endpoints in confirmatory or exploratory clinical trials.

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Performs molecular similarity searching using Tanimoto, Tversky, Dice, and cosine coefficients on bit/count fingerprints with explicit choice rules for symmetric vs asymmetric measures, scaffold-hopping vs lead-optimization regimes, activity-cliff diagnosis, and large-library nearest-neighbor methods (BulkTanimoto, Annoy MHFP6, USRCAT). Use when ranking compounds by structural resemblance to a query, clustering libraries, finding analogs, or diagnosing activity cliffs.

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Reads, writes, and converts molecular file formats (SMILES, InChI, SDF V2000/V3000, MOL2, PDB, MMTF) using RDKit and Open Babel with rigorous handling of aromaticity perception, stereochemistry, implicit/explicit hydrogens, kekulization, and salt/fragment separation. Use when loading chemical libraries, debugging parse failures, or preparing molecules for downstream standardization, descriptor calculation, or docking.

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Use when users need bioinformatics analysis on the NCPGR cluster, especially when converting analysis requests into local software choices, resource plans, and LSF job scripts.

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Creates sashimi-style plots showing RNA-seq read coverage and splice junction counts using ggsashimi (general-purpose, condition-grouped overlays), rmats2sashimiplot (rMATS-output-aware), MAJIQ-VOILA (LSV posteriors interactive HTML), leafviz (leafcutter clusters Shiny), Jutils (tool-agnostic heatmaps and sashimi for rMATS/leafcutter/SUPPA2/MAJIQ output), or pyGenomeTracks (multi-track publication figures). Tool choice depends on the upstream differential-splicing tool's output format and the publication vs interactive use case. Use when visualizing specific splicing events, validating differential splicing calls, or producing publication-quality figures.

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Sequence-based deep learning for ATAC-seq using chromBPNet, BPNet, scBasset, or EnFormer. Use when correcting Tn5 bias with neural networks beyond k-mer models, predicting per-base accessibility profiles, scoring in silico variant effects at GWAS or rare-variant SNPs, discovering motifs via DeepLIFT/TF-MoDISco from a trained model, or generating cell-type-specific accessibility predictions for unobserved cell states.

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Quantifies alternative splicing as PSI (percent spliced in) from RNA-seq using rMATS-turbo (BAM-based event), SUPPA2 (TPM-based event), MAJIQ V3 (LSV-based Bayesian), leafcutter (annotation-free intron clusters), VAST-TOOLS (cross-species with microexon support), Shiba (junction-imbalance-corrected, 2025 SOTA at low coverage), or IRFinder-S (intron retention coverage-aware). Distinguishes the five canonical event classes (SE, A5SS, A3SS, MXE, RI), special classes (microexons, exitrons, AFE/ALE), intron retention subtypes (canonical RI vs detained introns), and applies effective-length normalization. Use when measuring splice-site usage or isoform inclusion ratios from short-read RNA-seq.

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View, convert, and understand SAM/BAM/CRAM alignment files using samtools and pysam. Use when inspecting alignments, converting between formats, or understanding alignment file structure.

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Perform pairwise sequence alignment using Biopython Bio.Align.PairwiseAligner. Use when comparing two sequences, finding optimal alignments, scoring similarity, and identifying local or global matches between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences.

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Perform multiple sequence alignment using MAFFT, MUSCLE5, ClustalOmega, or T-Coffee. Guides tool and algorithm selection based on dataset size, sequence divergence, and downstream application. Use when aligning three or more homologous sequences for phylogenetics, conservation analysis, or evolutionary studies.

日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。