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Annotate CLIP-seq peaks or crosslink sites to RNA features (5'UTR, CDS, 3'UTR, intron, splice junction, snoRNA, tRNA, ncRNA, repeat elements) with ChIPseeker, RCAS, RBP-Maps (Yeo splicing regulatory maps), and bedtools, applying feature-priority hierarchies, transcript-context resolution, and metagene aggregation. Use when characterizing where in transcripts an RBP binds, comparing peak distribution across regions, generating splicing-regulatory maps relative to alternative-splicing events, or distinguishing exonic vs intronic vs UTR binding.

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Quantifies CRISPR editing outcomes with CRISPResso2 (Clement 2019 Nat Biotechnol) across Cas9-nuclease (indels, HDR), CBE and ABE base editors (target conversion + bystander), and prime editor (pegRNA-templated) modes. Covers single-amplicon (CRISPResso), multi-sample batch (CRISPRessoBatch), pooled-amplicon (CRISPRessoPooled), WGS off-target (CRISPRessoWGS), and sample-comparison (CRISPRessoCompare) workflows; quantification-window math that controls what is called edited; substitution-vs-indel diagnostic to distinguish BE from Cas9 contamination; MMEJ deletion pattern interpretation; allele-frequency tables; and failure modes from amplicon misalignment or contamination. Use when quantifying editing from amplicon sequencing, choosing CRISPResso mode by design, distinguishing intended edits from bystanders and indel byproducts, debugging low-alignment runs, or generating publication-grade editing reports.

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Build whole-genome alignments using Progressive Cactus (Armstrong 2020 reference-free clade-level WGA), Minigraph-Cactus (Hickey 2024 pangenome-aware), LASTZ chain/net (UCSC pipeline), MUMmer4 (Marçais 2018 pairwise), minimap2 -x asm5/10/20 (Li 2018 fast pairwise), AnchorWave (Song 2022 WGD-aware), and Mauve / progressiveMauve (bacterial). Operates the HAL toolkit (Hickey 2013) for downstream extraction including halSynteny, halLiftover, halBranchMutations, and hal2maf. Use when constructing multi-species alignments for comparative-annotation projection (TOGA), synteny detection, conservation analyses (phyloP / PhastCons), or pangenome graph construction; selecting between reference-free (Cactus) and reference-anchored (LASTZ chains/nets) approaches; tuning sensitivity for closely vs distantly related genomes; or producing HAL files for genome-wide downstream tools.

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Align preprocessed CLIP-seq reads (eCLIP, iCLIP, iCLIP2, PAR-CLIP) to genome with STAR or bowtie2 using crosslink-preserving parameters, choosing between unique-mapper-only and multi-mapper-aware alignment for repeat-binding RBPs, deciding STAR vs HISAT2 memory trade-offs, and applying ENCODE-compatible filters. Use when turning preprocessed CLIP FASTQ into a deduplicated, MAPQ-filtered BAM ready for peak calling or crosslink-site detection.

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Analyzes CRISPR drug-modifier (chemogenomic) screens with drugZ (Colic et al. 2019 Genome Med), a bidirectional Z-score method that identifies synthetic-lethal sensitizing genes and resistance-conferring suppressor genes from vehicle vs drug comparisons. Covers vehicle-anchored design (not Day-0), the bidirectional Z math giving greater sensitivity to small-effect hits than MAGeCK / STARS / edgeR / RIGER on drug screens, per-gene sumZ and normZ, synth (sensitizer) vs supp (suppressor) FDR, multi-dose handling, integration with control sgRNAs, and comparison with MAGeCK MLE with dose covariate. Use when running a drug-modifier CRISPR screen, identifying sensitizing or resistance genes for a drug candidate, choosing drugZ vs MAGeCK MLE for chemogenomic analysis, troubleshooting low-effect drug screens where MAGeCK lacks sensitivity, or designing a drug-screen layout (vehicle vs drug arms).

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Detect syntenic blocks and structural rearrangements between genomes using MCScanX (Wang 2012), JCVI/MCScan (Tang 2008 Python), GENESPACE (Lovell 2022) for orthology-anchored riparian visualization, SyRI for structural variation, AnchorWave for sequence-level synteny, i-ADHoRe 3.0 for highly diverged species, SynNet for synteny networks, and ntSynt for multi-genome macrosynteny. Use when identifying collinear gene blocks across species, distinguishing macrosynteny from microsynteny, detecting inversions/translocations/duplications, anchoring orthology in WGD lineages, producing publication riparian plots, computing synteny block age via Ks (cross-references whole-genome-duplication), or running synteny-aware ortholog inference in polyploids.

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Detect positive (diversifying / episodic / pervasive) selection using codon dN/dS frameworks. Implements PAML codeml site models (M0/M1a/M2a/M7/M8/M8a), branch models, branch-site model A (Zhang 2005), and HyPhy methods (BUSTED, BUSTED-S, BUSTED-MH, BUSTED-PH, MEME, FEL, FUBAR, aBSREL, SLAC, RELAX, GARD, FUBAR-MH). Includes McDonald-Kreitman framework (asymptotic alpha, impMKT, polyDFE, DFE-alpha, GRAPES) for within-species + divergence inference, RERconverge for trait-correlated rate shifts, CSUBST for convergent substitution, and PhyloAcc for accelerated noncoding evolution. Use when testing adaptive evolution at codons, branches, or full gene; running GARD recombination pre-screen; controlling alignment-error and gBGC false positives; reconciling PAML vs HyPhy results; or performing genome-scale selection scans.

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Identify differentially bound regions across CLIP-seq conditions (knockdown vs control, treatment vs vehicle, disease vs healthy) using DEWSeq (sliding-window DESeq2), Flipper (Skipper-downstream), ASpeak, edgeR, or limma-voom. Use when computing condition-level changes in RBP binding intensity, choosing peak-level vs window-level vs crosslink-level testing, designing replicate experiments, or distinguishing biological binding shifts from technical confounders.

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Build and analyze pangenomes for prokaryotes (Panaroo, PPanGGOLiN, PEPPAN, GET_HOMOLOGUES, anvi'o pangenomics) and eukaryotes (Minigraph-Cactus, PGGB, vg pangenome graphs). Implement Tettelin core/accessory/cloud genome decomposition (Tettelin 2005), Heap's law open/closed pangenome modeling, gene presence/absence GWAS (Scoary, pyseer), pangenome graph variant calling (vg, PanGenie), and structural-variation graph indexing. Use when assembling species- or genus-level pan-gene catalogs, separating core from accessory/shell/cloud genes, testing gene-content associations with phenotypes, building pangenome graphs from haplotype-resolved assemblies, calling SVs from pangenome graphs, or selecting between bacterial-pangenome and eukaryotic-pangenome workflows.

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Annotate copy number variant segments with overlapping genes, dosage-sensitivity scores, cancer driver databases, population frequencies, and clinical-variant content. Covers bedtools/pybedtools interval intersection, AnnotSV comprehensive annotation and ranking, ClinGen haploinsufficiency/triplosensitivity scoring, gnomAD-SV/DGV frequency filtering, COSMIC Cancer Gene Census, and ClinVar overlap. Use when interpreting which genes a CNV affects, distinguishing the driver gene of a focal event from passengers, filtering against population CNVs, separating whole-gene from partial-gene overlap, or preparing CNVs for clinical classification.

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Visualize copy number profiles, segments, allele-specific tracks, and cohort patterns from CNVkit, GATK, ASCAT, FACETS, Sequenza, and other callers. Covers genome-wide and per-chromosome log2 scatter plots, B-allele-frequency/minor-allele-fraction tracks, ideograms, cohort heatmaps, circos views, and caller-native plots. Use when creating publication CNV figures, choosing which plot answers a given question, diagnosing a wrong diploid baseline visually, displaying loss of heterozygosity, or deciding what depth-only plots cannot reveal.

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Detect somatic and germline copy number variants from targeted, exome, and whole-genome sequencing with CNVkit, a read-depth caller that combines on-target and off-target (antitarget) coverage. Covers panel-of-normals construction, flat-reference tumor-only calling, hybrid/amplicon/WGS modes, CBS vs HMM segmentation selection, purity-aware integer calling, and reconciliation against GATK and allele-specific callers. Use when calling CNVs from hybrid-capture panels or exomes, deciding whether CNVkit (depth-only) is the right tool versus an allele-specific caller, building a panel of normals, diagnosing flat-reference false positives, or interpreting log2 ratios into copy-number states.

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Infer orthologous genes and gene families across species using OrthoFinder3 (HOG-based phylogenetic orthology), SonicParanoid2, Broccoli, ProteinOrtho, OMA / FastOMA hierarchical orthologous groups, eggNOG-mapper, JustOrthologs, and TOGA whole-genome-alignment orthology. Use when building single-copy ortholog sets for phylogenomics, classifying co-orthologs and in/out-paralogs after gene duplication, propagating functional annotation via orthology with awareness of the ortholog conjecture, distinguishing speciation from duplication via gene-tree species-tree reconciliation, computing Quest-for-Orthologs benchmark performance, or running synteny-aware ortholog detection in WGD-affected lineages.

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Project gene annotations across genomes using TOGA (Kirilenko 2023 whole-genome-alignment chain-based projection with intactness classification), CESAR 2.0 (Sharma, Schwede & Hiller 2017 codon-aware exon projection), LiftOff (Shumate & Salzberg 2021 reference-based annotation transfer), Liftover (UCSC), GeMoMa (Keilwagen 2019 evidence-based projection), and Comparative Annotation Toolkit (CAT). Use when transferring annotations from a well-annotated reference to query genome(s), classifying gene-loss vs gene-intact across many genomes at scale, building Zoonomia-style comparative annotations across hundreds of mammals or birds (Kirilenko 2023), detecting pseudogenization, projecting alternative isoforms, or selecting between WGA-anchored (TOGA) vs ortholog-based (LiftOff) annotation transfer strategies.

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Normalize read-depth copy-ratio profiles and segment them into copy-number regions using circular binary segmentation (CBS, DNAcopy), hidden Markov models, HaarSeg, and fused-lasso methods. Covers GC-content, mappability, and replication-timing (wave-artifact) bias correction, panel-of-normals/PCA denoising, diploid-baseline centering, and algorithm selection by sequencing depth and event size. Use when choosing a segmentation algorithm, correcting depth bias, diagnosing oversegmentation or a mis-centered baseline, tuning CBS or HMM parameters, or understanding why a downstream CNV caller produced fragmented or shifted segments.

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Resolve the architecture of focal oncogene amplifications — extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA), breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles, homogeneously staining regions (HSR), and linear amplification — from whole-genome sequencing with AmpliconArchitect, the AmpliconSuite pipeline, and AmpliconClassifier. Covers copy-number seed selection, breakpoint-graph reconstruction, balanced-flow optimization, ecDNA classification, and the limits of depth-only amplification calls. Use when a focal amplification needs structural characterization, when distinguishing ecDNA from chromosomal amplification, suspecting ecDNA-driven oncogene amplification or therapy resistance, or selecting copy-number seeds for amplicon reconstruction.

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Predict RBP binding from RNA sequence using deep learning models (RBPNet sequence-to-signal, RNAProt RNN, GraphProt2 GCN with structure, DeepCLIP, DeepRiPe multi-modal CNN) for variant-effect prediction, in silico binding-site discovery, model interpretation, and transfer learning from CLIP and RBNS datasets. Use when computational prediction of RBP binding from sequence is needed, evaluating variant effects on binding without further wet-lab experiments, comparing model performance, or training a custom model on ENCODE eCLIP data.

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Detect single-nucleotide crosslink (CL) sites in CLIP-seq data using truncation patterns (iCLIP/eCLIP CITS), crosslink-induced mutations (HITS-CLIP CIMS deletions, PAR-CLIP T-to-C), or HMM/kernel-density methods (PureCLIP, PARalyzer, CTK). Use when single-nucleotide resolution is required for motif registration (mCross), allele-specific binding (BEAPR), variant-effect prediction, or comparing crosslink chemistry across CLIP variants.

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Preprocess CLIP-seq reads (eCLIP, iCLIP, iCLIP2, iCLIP3, irCLIP, PAR-CLIP, FLASH) with protocol-specific UMI extraction, adapter trimming, length filtering, and post-alignment PCR-duplicate collapse. Use when raw CLIP FASTQ must be turned into deduplicated, crosslink-preserving BAM input for peak calling; choosing between two-pass and single-pass adapter trimming; deciding minimum read length; or mapping UMI patterns to specific eCLIP/iCLIP/iCLIP2/iCLIP3 library preps.

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Call copy number variants with the GATK best-practices workflows — the somatic CNV pipeline (CollectReadCounts, DenoiseReadCounts with tangent normalization, ModelSegments, CallCopyRatioSegments) and the germline GATK-gCNV pipeline (DetermineGermlineContigPloidy, GermlineCNVCaller cohort/case mode, PostprocessGermlineCNVCalls). Covers panel-of-normals construction, AnnotateIntervals/FilterIntervals, allelic-count integration, and QS-based filtering. Use when integrating CNV calling into a GATK variant pipeline, calling rare germline CNVs from an exome cohort, deciding between the somatic and germline GATK workflows, or diagnosing why tangent normalization removed a real event or why gCNV output has low precision.

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Designs and analyzes combinatorial CRISPR screens covering paired-Cas9 (Big Papi, Najm 2018), enhanced AsCas12a multiplex (enCas12a, DeWeirdt 2021), in4mer 4-guide-array Cas12a (Esmaeili Anvar N et al 2024 Nat Commun 15:3577) and the Inzolia paralog-pair library, paralog-buffering detection (Dede 2020 Genome Biol; Thompson 2021 Nat Commun 12:1302), genetic-interaction (GI) scoring as observed_double_LFC minus expected_additive_double_LFC, synthetic-lethal and synthetic-rescue interaction interpretation, the half-of-essentiality buffered by paralogs phenomenon, multiplex screen statistical analysis with MAGeCK MLE interaction terms, and the relationship to single-cell combinatorial Perturb-seq. Use when designing a paralog or pathway-pair screen, choosing between paired-Cas9 (Big Papi) and Cas12a multiplex (Inzolia), interpreting genetic interaction scores, identifying synthetic-lethal targets for drug development, or scaling beyond single-gene CRISPR screens.

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Designs covalent inhibitors and warheads targeting cysteine, lysine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and aspartate residues, with explicit handling of warhead reactivity (acrylamide, chloroacetamide, vinyl sulfone, sulfonyl fluoride, fluorosulfate, aldehyde, boronate, nitrile), reversibility (kinact/Ki, t_residence), glutathione (GSH) stability, intrinsic reactivity assays, and covalent docking (DOCKovalent, GOLD, HCovDock). Use when designing covalent inhibitors for targeted covalent inhibition (TCI), KRAS G12C-style approaches, or rationalizing covalent SAR.

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Prioritizes rare-disease variants from trio/quad WES/WGS with de novo (DeNovoGear, Triodenovo), compound-heterozygous phasing (WhatsHap), mosaic VAF tiering, phenotype-driven ranking (Exomiser, Phen2Gene, AMELIE), ClinGen gene-disease validity gating, and ACMG SF v3.2 secondary findings reporting. Use when running diagnostic exome / genome pipelines, identifying candidate Mendelian disease genes, screening for incidental findings, or auditing VUS reclassification cycles. The ACMG/AMP classification framework (PVS1 decision tree, Pejaver PP3/BP4 calibration, Tavtigian point system) is in clinical-databases/acmg-classification.

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Profiles RNA-binding protein targets without antibody or UV crosslinking using STAMP (APOBEC1-RBP fusion, C-to-U editing), scSTAMP (single-cell), TRIBE/HyperTRIBE (ADAR-RBP, A-to-I editing), DART-seq (APOBEC1-YTH for m6A), or Bullseye/SAILOR edit-site detection pipelines. Use when antibody is unavailable or specificity is doubtful, when single-cell RBP profiling is needed (scSTAMP), or when in vivo RBP profiling without UV is preferred.

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