Version Compatibility
Reference examples tested with: Trimmomatic 0.39+, cutadapt 4.4+, fastp 0.23+
Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:
- CLI:
<tool> --version then <tool> --help to confirm flags
If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed
package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.
Quality Filtering
Trim low-quality bases and filter reads using Trimmomatic sliding window or fastp quality filtering.
"Filter reads by quality" → Remove low-quality bases and discard reads below quality/length thresholds.
- CLI:
trimmomatic PE with SLIDINGWINDOW and MINLEN options
- CLI:
fastp --qualified_quality_phred 20 --length_required 50
Trimmomatic Quality Operations
Single-End Mode
trimmomatic SE -phred33 \
input.fastq.gz output.fastq.gz \
LEADING:3 TRAILING:3 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:15 MINLEN:36
Paired-End Mode
trimmomatic PE -phred33 -threads 4 \
input_R1.fastq.gz input_R2.fastq.gz \
output_R1_paired.fastq.gz output_R1_unpaired.fastq.gz \
output_R2_paired.fastq.gz output_R2_unpaired.fastq.gz \
LEADING:3 TRAILING:3 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:15 MINLEN:36
Trimmomatic Operations
| Operation | Syntax | Description |
|---|
| LEADING | LEADING:Q | Remove leading bases below quality Q |
| TRAILING | TRAILING:Q | Remove trailing bases below quality Q |
| SLIDINGWINDOW | SLIDINGWINDOW:W:Q | Cut when W-bp window average < Q |
| MINLEN | MINLEN:L | Discard reads shorter than L |
| CROP | CROP:L | Cut read to max length L |
| HEADCROP | HEADCROP:N | Remove first N bases |
| AVGQUAL | AVGQUAL:Q | Drop read if average quality < Q |
| MAXINFO | MAXINFO:L:S | Balance length and quality |
| TOPHRED33 | TOPHRED33 | Convert to Phred33 encoding |
| TOPHRED64 | TOPHRED64 | Convert to Phred64 encoding |
Common Trimmomatic Recipes
# Standard quality trimming
trimmomatic SE input.fq output.fq \
SLIDINGWINDOW:4:20 MINLEN:36
# Aggressive 3' trimming
trimmomatic SE input.fq output.fq \
TRAILING:20 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:20 MINLEN:36
# Trim both ends, strict filtering
trimmomatic SE input.fq output.fq \
LEADING:10 TRAILING:10 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:25 MINLEN:50
# Keep fixed length (for some tools)
trimmomatic SE input.fq output.fq \
CROP:100 MINLEN:100
# Remove first 10 bases (e.g., random primers)
trimmomatic SE input.fq output.fq \
HEADCROP:10 MINLEN:36
SLIDINGWINDOW Details
SLIDINGWINDOW:<windowSize>:<requiredQuality>
# Scan from 5' to 3'
# Cut when average quality in window drops below threshold
# Common settings: 4:15, 4:20, 5:20
# Conservative (keep more, lower quality)
SLIDINGWINDOW:4:15
# Moderate
SLIDINGWINDOW:4:20
# Strict (keep less, higher quality)
SLIDINGWINDOW:4:25
fastp Quality Filtering
Basic Quality Filtering
# Quality filtering (default Q15)
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq
# Custom quality threshold
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq -q 20
# Sliding window from 5' end
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq --cut_front --cut_front_window_size 4 --cut_front_mean_quality 20
# Sliding window from 3' end
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq --cut_tail --cut_tail_window_size 4 --cut_tail_mean_quality 20
# Aggressive right-side trimming (recommended)
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq --cut_right --cut_right_window_size 4 --cut_right_mean_quality 20
fastp Quality Options
# Global mean quality filter
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq -q 20 -e 25
# -q: per-base quality threshold
# -e: average quality threshold for entire read
# Unqualified bases threshold
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq --unqualified_percent_limit 40
# Discard if >40% bases below quality threshold
# N base filtering
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq -n 5
# Discard reads with >5 N bases
Paired-End with fastp
fastp -i R1.fq -I R2.fq -o out_R1.fq -O out_R2.fq \
--cut_right \
--cut_right_window_size 4 \
--cut_right_mean_quality 20 \
-q 20 -l 36
Length Filtering
# Trimmomatic
trimmomatic SE input.fq output.fq MINLEN:50
# fastp
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq -l 50 # min length
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq --length_limit 150 # max length
Cutadapt Quality Trimming
# Trim 3' end below Q20
cutadapt -q 20 -o out.fq in.fq
# Trim both ends
cutadapt -q 20,20 -o out.fq in.fq
# With minimum length
cutadapt -q 20 -m 36 -o out.fq in.fq
# Paired-end
cutadapt -q 20 -m 36 -o R1.fq -p R2.fq in_R1.fq in_R2.fq
Combined Adapter + Quality Trimming
Trimmomatic Full Pipeline
trimmomatic PE -threads 4 -phred33 \
R1.fq.gz R2.fq.gz \
R1_paired.fq.gz R1_unpaired.fq.gz \
R2_paired.fq.gz R2_unpaired.fq.gz \
ILLUMINACLIP:TruSeq3-PE-2.fa:2:30:10:2:keepBothReads \
LEADING:3 TRAILING:3 SLIDINGWINDOW:4:20 MINLEN:36
Cutadapt Full Pipeline
cutadapt \
-a AGATCGGAAGAGC -A AGATCGGAAGAGC \
-q 20 -m 36 \
-o R1_trimmed.fq.gz -p R2_trimmed.fq.gz \
R1.fq.gz R2.fq.gz
Poly-G Trimming (NovaSeq/NextSeq)
NextSeq and NovaSeq use two-color chemistry, causing poly-G artifacts at read ends.
# fastp auto-detects and trims poly-G
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq --trim_poly_g
# Disable auto-detection
fastp -i in.fq -o out.fq --disable_trim_poly_g
# Trimmomatic (manual approach)
# Add poly-G to adapter file
Quality Thresholds
| Phred | Error Rate | Use Case |
|---|
| Q10 | 10% | Very lenient |
| Q15 | 3% | fastp default |
| Q20 | 1% | Common threshold |
| Q25 | 0.3% | Strict |
| Q30 | 0.1% | Very strict |
Related Skills
- adapter-trimming - Remove adapters before quality filtering
- quality-reports - Check quality before/after filtering
- fastp-workflow - All-in-one preprocessing