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rust-zero-cost-abstractions

Guides generic vs trait object decisions in Rust. Use when choosing between static and dynamic dispatch, designing traits, handling E0277/E0038, or deciding between enum and dyn Trait.

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Zero-Cost Abstractions

Layer 1: Language Mechanics

Core Question

Do we need compile-time or runtime polymorphism?

Before choosing between generics and trait objects:

  • Is the type known at compile time?
  • Is a heterogeneous collection needed?
  • What's the performance priority?

Thinking Prompt

Before adding trait bounds:

  1. What abstraction is needed?

    • Same behavior, different types → trait
    • Different behavior, same type → enum
    • No abstraction needed → concrete type
  2. When is type known?

    • Compile time → generics (static dispatch)
    • Runtime → trait objects (dynamic dispatch)
  3. What's the trade-off priority?

    • Performance → generics
    • Compile time → trait objects
    • Flexibility → depends

Syntax Comparison

// Static dispatch — type known at compile time
fn process(x: impl Display) { }      // argument position
fn process<T: Display>(x: T) { }     // explicit generic
fn get() -> impl Display { }         // return position

// Dynamic dispatch — type determined at runtime
fn process(x: &dyn Display) { }      // reference
fn process(x: Box<dyn Display>) { }  // owned

Decision Guide

ScenarioChooseWhy
Performance criticalGenericsZero runtime cost
Heterogeneous collectiondyn TraitDifferent types at runtime
Plugin architecturedyn TraitUnknown types at compile time
Reduce compile timedyn TraitLess monomorphization
Small, known type setenumNo indirection

Cost Comparison

PatternDispatchCode SizeRuntime Cost
fn foo<T: Trait>()Static+bloatZero
fn foo(x: &dyn Trait)DynamicMinimalvtable lookup
impl Trait returnStatic+bloatZero
Box<dyn Trait>DynamicMinimalAllocation + vtable

Object Safety

A trait is object-safe if it:

  • Doesn't have Self: Sized bound
  • Doesn't return Self
  • Doesn't have generic methods
  • Uses where Self: Sized for non-object-safe methods

Error Code Reference

ErrorCauseFix
E0277Type doesn't impl traitAdd impl or change bound
E0308Type mismatchCheck generic params
E0599No method foundImport trait with use
E0038Trait not object-safeUse generics or redesign

Anti-Patterns

Anti-PatternWhy BadBetter
Over-generic everythingCompile time, complexityConcrete types when possible
dyn for known typesUnnecessary indirectionGenerics
Complex trait hierarchiesHard to understandSimpler design
Ignore object safetyLimits flexibilityPlan for dyn if needed

Related Skills

  • type-driven-design — newtypes and type state
  • performance — when dispatch cost matters
  • concurrency — Send/Sync bounds on generics

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