Expert-level biochemistry from a biology perspective covering metabolic pathways, enzyme kinetics, bioenergetics, signal transduction, and the biochemical basis of cellular processes.
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Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvate, 10 steps, net 2 ATP, 2 NADH. TCA cycle: acetyl-CoA to CO2, 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP per turn. Oxidative phosphorylation: ETC + ATP synthase, 32-34 ATP per glucose. Fatty acid oxidation: beta-oxidation, 2C units as acetyl-CoA per cycle. Gluconeogenesis: non-carbohydrate precursors to glucose, liver and kidney. Pentose phosphate pathway: NADPH production and ribose-5-phosphate.
Michaelis-Menten: v = Vmax[S]/(Km + [S]). Km: substrate concentration at half-maximal velocity. kcat: turnover number — reactions per enzyme per second. Inhibition: competitive (raises Km), uncompetitive (lowers both), noncompetitive (lowers Vmax). Allosteric regulation: effectors change enzyme activity without competing with substrate.
Free energy: delta_G = delta_G0 + RTlnQ. ATP hydrolysis: delta_G = -30.5 kJ/mol (standard), much more negative in cell. Chemiosmosis: proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthase. Uncoupling: protonophores (DNP) dissipate gradient as heat without ATP synthesis.
GPCR signaling: ligand -> Gs -> adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP -> PKA -> phosphorylation. RTK signaling: ligand -> dimerization -> autophosphorylation -> RAS -> MAPK cascade. PI3K-AKT: RTK -> PI3K -> PIP3 -> AKT -> mTOR — growth and survival. Second messengers: cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+.
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|---|
| Confusing delta_G0 with delta_G | Cellular conditions make delta_G very different from standard |
| Forgetting NADH/FADH2 in ATP count | These carry most of the energy from TCA |
| Ignoring allosteric regulation | Key enzymes are highly regulated, not just kinetically limited |
| Confusing competitive inhibition types | Draw double-reciprocal plots to distinguish |
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概要と使いどころ
Expert-level abstract algebra knowledge. Use when working with groups, rings, fields, modules, Galois theory, representation theory, or algebraic structures. Also use when the user mentions 'group', 'ring', 'field', 'homomorphism', 'isomorphism', 'normal subgroup', 'quotient group', 'Sylow theorem', 'Galois theory', 'polynomial ring', 'ideal', 'module', 'vector space', or 'representation theory'.
日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。
Expert-level acoustics knowledge. Use when working with sound waves, acoustic propagation, resonance, standing waves, Doppler effect, room acoustics, ultrasound, noise control, musical acoustics, or architectural acoustics. Also use when the user mentions 'sound wave', 'decibel', 'frequency', 'resonance', 'standing wave', 'Doppler effect', 'acoustic impedance', 'reverberation', 'ultrasound', 'noise control', 'harmonics', or 'sound intensity'.
日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。
Expert-level aerodynamics covering subsonic and supersonic flow, lift and drag, airfoil theory, boundary layers, compressible flow, and CFD methods.
日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。
Expert-level air quality engineering covering pollutant sources, atmospheric dispersion, air quality standards, emission controls, and air quality modeling.
日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。
Expert-level aircraft structures covering structural design philosophy, wing and fuselage analysis, fatigue and damage tolerance, composite structures, and certification.
日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。
Expert-level algorithms and complexity theory covering sorting, searching, graph algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, NP-completeness, and algorithm design paradigms.
日本語の概要は準備中です。原文の説明を表示しています。