Queues and Public Groups

This skill activates when an admin needs to create or manage queues (which own records and route work to teams) or public groups (which aggregate members for access sharing, sharing rules, and list view visibility). Use it alongside the assignment-rules skill when records must be routed to queues automatically.

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Before Starting

Gather this context before working in this domain:

• Which objects are involved? Queues only work with objects that have queue support enabled: Case, Lead, Order, and custom objects explicitly configured for queues. Standard objects like Account, Contact, and Opportunity do not support queue ownership.
• What is the goal — routing work or sharing access? Queues are for routing records to a pool of workers. Public groups are for granting shared access via sharing rules or manual sharing. The two mechanisms are distinct and should not be substituted for each other.
• Understand org sharing model first. Public group utility depends on the org-wide default (OWD) setting. If OWD is Public Read/Write for an object, groups add no incremental access. Groups are most valuable in Private or Public Read Only OWDs.
• Platform limit on sharing recalculation. Deeply nested public groups (groups containing groups containing groups) trigger expensive sharing recalculation jobs when membership changes. Prefer flat group structures in high-volume orgs.

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Questions to Ask Before Configuring

Ask	Why it matters	What a good answer adds
"Who works this pool, and how does that list change?"	Named users churn; roles and public groups maintain themselves	Membership that survives onboarding and offboarding
"Which objects will the queue own?"	A queue owns only the objects in queueSobject; rules and Omni-Channel targeting it for another object fail	One queue per work pool
"Who should be notified of a new record: shared mailbox, every member, nobody?"	email and doesSendEmailToMembers are independent switches	A notification people read instead of filter
"Is Omni-Channel pushing from this queue?"	Without a routing configuration the queue is a list view	The link into the routing stack
"What happens to queue-owned records when the queue is retired?"	Records are stranded	A retirement step in the runbook

A proper queue adds a pool that follows the org chart, a notification channel someone reads, manager visibility by design, and a routing target every rule can name by developer name. Full matrix: references/queue-behaviour-matrix.md.

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Core Concepts

Queues

A queue is a special type of record owner that represents a pool of users, rather than a single individual. Records assigned to a queue are visible to all queue members through the queue's list view. Any queue member can claim ownership by changing the record's Owner field to themselves.

Supported objects for queues: Case, Lead, Order, and custom objects where "Allow Queues" is checked on the object definition. Account, Contact, Opportunity, and most other standard objects do not support queue ownership.

Queue membership types: A queue can include individual Users, Roles, Roles and Internal Subordinates, and Public Groups. Adding a Role automatically includes all users in that role; Roles and Internal Subordinates also includes users in roles below it in the hierarchy, internal users only. This group was labelled "Roles and Subordinates" before the Secure Roles release update — see references/gotchas.md Gotcha 6 before writing metadata or SOQL against it.

Queue email: Each queue can have a single email address (individual address or distribution list). When a record is assigned to the queue, Salesforce sends a notification to that address. Individual queue members do not receive individual email notifications — only the queue email is triggered. Configure this address to reach the whole team, not a single person.

Accepting work from a queue: Queue-owned records are in a shared pool. A team member claims a record by changing the Owner field to themselves. Until claimed, the owner remains the queue. Records owned by a queue appear in list views scoped to that queue, not in any individual's "My Open Cases" or "My Leads" view.

SOQL for queue-owned records: Use WHERE Owner.Type = 'Queue' to filter records owned by any queue. To filter by a specific queue name: WHERE Owner.Name = 'Tier 1 Support Queue'. Note that OwnerId alone does not distinguish user-owned from queue-owned records — Owner.Type is required.

Public Groups

A public group is a named collection of members used to grant access and control visibility. Unlike a queue, a public group does not own records — it only aggregates membership for sharing purposes.

Member types a public group can include: Users, Roles, Roles and Internal Subordinates, other Public Groups, and Portal Users (Customer Portal or Partner Portal users when Communities/Experience Cloud is enabled). This composition flexibility allows a single group to span organizational boundaries.

Uses of public groups:

• Sharing rules: Both criteria-based and ownership-based sharing rules can target a public group as the "share with" recipient.
• Manual sharing: Users with the Share button on a record can manually share to a public group.
• Queue membership: A queue can include a public group as one of its member types, inheriting all the group's members.
• List view visibility: List views can be shared with a public group, controlling which users see which views.
• Email alerts in Flow/Process Builder: Email alerts can address a public group, sending the alert to all group members.

Nested groups: Public groups can contain other public groups. Nesting allows hierarchical structures but increases the cost of sharing recalculation. Every membership change triggers Salesforce to recompute all sharing rows for all objects with sharing rules that reference the group. In orgs with millions of records and complex group nesting, this recalculation can lock objects for extended periods. Flat group membership (direct users and roles) is preferred in high-volume orgs.

Queues vs Public Groups

These two constructs serve different purposes and should not be substituted for each other:

Aspect	Queue	Public Group
Can own records	Yes — record OwnerId can be a Queue Id	No — groups cannot own records
Supported objects	Case, Lead, Order, queue-enabled custom objects	Any object (for sharing, not ownership)
Used for sharing rules	No (indirectly — as queue member)	Yes — primary use case
Used for routing work	Yes — primary use case	No
Sends queue email notification	Yes — single address per queue	No
Member types	Users, Roles, Roles + Internal Subordinates, Groups	Users, Roles, Roles + Internal Subordinates, Groups, Portal Users

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Common Patterns

Pattern: Tiered Support Queues with Escalation

When to use: A support team handles cases at multiple levels of complexity. Tier 1 agents handle general inquiries; Tier 2 specialists handle complex or escalated cases. Records should enter Tier 1 first and escalate to Tier 2 when needed.

How it works:

1. Create a queue named Tier 1 Support for the Case object. Add Tier 1 agents as members. Configure a queue email (e.g., support-t1@company.com).
2. Create a queue named Tier 2 Support for the Case object. Add Tier 2 specialists as members. Configure a separate queue email.
3. Configure a Case Assignment Rule (see assignment-rules skill) to route new cases to Tier 1 Support.
4. Use an Escalation Rule or a Flow to detect when a case has been open in Tier 1 too long, then change the Owner to Tier 2 Support.
5. Tier 2 agents see the escalated case in their queue list view and claim ownership.

Why not assign directly to a user: Queue-based routing allows any available team member to claim work, preventing bottlenecks when a specific agent is unavailable.

Pattern: Regional Public Group for Sharing Rules

When to use: Sales reps in EMEA need read access to Opportunities owned by other EMEA reps, but the org-wide default for Opportunity is Private. Assignment-rules would not solve this — the reps still need cross-user read access without changing ownership.

How it works:

1. Create a public group named EMEA Sales Team. Add all EMEA sales users directly, or add the EMEA Sales Role to include all role members automatically.
2. Navigate to Setup → Sharing Settings → Opportunity Sharing Rules → New.
3. Select rule type: Ownership-based. "Owned by members of" → EMEA Sales Team. "Share with" → EMEA Sales Team. Access: Read Only.
4. Salesforce recalculates sharing and grants all EMEA reps read access to each other's Opportunities.
5. When a new rep joins EMEA, add them to the group (or the role) and sharing is automatically extended.

Why not use a Role hierarchy: Role hierarchy grants upward visibility (managers see subordinates' records) but not peer visibility. A sharing rule with a public group grants horizontal access among peers in the group.

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Decision Guidance

Situation	Recommended Approach	Reason
Route Cases or Leads to a team pool	Queue on Case or Lead object	Queues own records; team members claim from shared pool
Grant read/write access to a group of users	Public Group + Sharing Rule	Groups aggregate membership; sharing rules grant access
Custom object needs team-based ownership	Enable queues on object, then create queue	Custom objects require explicit queue enablement in Setup
Need to share a Salesforce list view with a team	Public Group (assign list view to group)	List view visibility is controlled by public group membership
Email a team when a record is assigned	Queue email on the queue	Single address notified on queue assignment
Email an entire team from a Flow email alert	Public Group as alert recipient	Email alerts can target public groups, reaching all members
Object is Account, Contact, or Opportunity	Public Group (for sharing rules) only	These objects do not support queue ownership
Member changes cause slow sharing recalculation	Flatten group structure, reduce nesting depth	Each nested group multiplies recalculation scope

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Recommended Workflow

Step-by-step instructions for an AI agent or practitioner working in this domain:

1. Clarify the goal — determine whether the need is record routing (queue) or access sharing (public group). Confirm which object is involved and whether it supports queues.
2. Create the queue or public group in Setup — for queues: Setup → Queues → New; configure supported objects, queue email, and members. For groups: Setup → Public Groups → New; add members by type (user, role, group).
3. Configure downstream use — for queues: set up an assignment rule or Flow to route records to the queue. For public groups: create a sharing rule that references the group, or assign list views to the group.
4. Validate membership — confirm all intended users are reachable through the membership chain (direct, via role, or via nested group). Deactivated users should be removed from queue membership to avoid stale ownership pools.
5. Test the queue email — assign a test record to the queue and confirm the queue email receives a notification.
6. Run the checker script — python3 skills/admin/queues-and-public-groups/scripts/check_queues.py --manifest-dir <metadata-dir> to surface any Group metadata references for review, including sharing rules still using the pre-Secure-Roles <roleAndSubordinates> element. It recurses, so --manifest-dir can be the project root or a build root and it still finds every queues/ and groups/ directory beneath. Exit 1 is an ERROR (a file that will not parse); queue-configuration findings are WARNs that exit 0 unless you add --strict.
7. Confirm SOQL uses Owner.Type — any report or query on queue-owned records must use Owner.Type = 'Queue'; plain OwnerId checks will not distinguish queues from users.

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Review Checklist

Run through these before marking queue or public group configuration complete:

• Queue is associated with the correct supported objects (Case, Lead, Order, or queue-enabled custom object)
• Queue email is a team alias or distribution list — not an individual's inbox
• All queue members are active users; deactivated users have been removed
• Public group member composition is intentional — Roles vs Roles and Internal Subordinates distinction reviewed
• Sharing rules referencing the public group have been tested by logging in as an intended member
• Nested group depth is reviewed — prefer flat membership in orgs with more than 1M records per shared object
• SOQL queries on queue-owned records use Owner.Type = 'Queue' filter
• Reports and dashboards that count queue-owned records are validated — owner-grouped reports must account for queue ownership

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Salesforce-Specific Gotchas

Non-obvious platform behaviors that cause real production problems:

1. Queue-owned records show queue name as Owner in reports — Owner Name, Owner Email, and Owner Role fields reflect the queue, not a user. Reports grouped by Owner or dashboards using Owner-based filters will show the queue name as a row, separate from any user's data. Rollup summaries and assignment-based reports may undercount or misattribute records until ownership is accepted by a user.
2. Deleting a queue does not reassign records — If a queue is deleted while it still owns records, those records become unowned or orphaned in some report contexts. Reassign all queue-owned records to a user or another queue before deleting a queue. Use a SOQL query (WHERE Owner.Name = 'Queue Name') to find affected records first.
3. "Roles and Subordinates" was renamed to "Roles and Internal Subordinates" — the Secure Roles release update changed the default role-hierarchy sharing group so that enabling Digital Experiences no longer exposes those records to external site users. Enforced in sandboxes in Summer '25, and in production in Winter '26 — but production enforcement was scoped to orgs created after 8 February 2024 that had not enabled digital experiences, so an older org may still show the old label until it takes the release update. Check Setup → Release Updates in the target org first. Metadata <sharedTo><roleAndSubordinates> becomes <roleAndSubordinatesInternal>, and SOQL/API references to the RoleAndSubordinates group become RoleAndSubordinatesInternal. Salesforce translates old references dynamically for a transition period only; manual updates are still required. See references/gotchas.md Gotcha 6.
4. Deactivated users remain in queue membership until removed — Salesforce does not auto-remove deactivated users from queues. The queue still accepts assignments, still shows the deactivated user in its membership list, and still sends queue email to the configured address. This causes confusion when teams assume the membership is clean. Audit queue membership during every user deactivation.

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Output Artifacts

Artifact	Description
Configured queue	Queue with supported objects, queue email, and verified membership
Configured public group	Named group with correct member composition for its intended sharing or visibility use
Sharing rule	Criteria-based or ownership-based rule referencing the public group
SOQL pattern	WHERE Owner.Type = 'Queue' filter for queue-owned record queries
Checker script output	List of Group metadata references found in the project metadata for review

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Reference Files

File	Read it when
references/queue-behaviour-matrix.md	Choosing membership sources, objects, notifications, and visibility, with the questions to ask first
references/metadata-examples.md	Writing deployable Queue and Group XML and the package.xml for them
references/gotchas.md	The six behaviours that cause most queue incidents

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Related Skills

• assignment-rules — use to route records automatically to queues based on criteria; queues must exist before assignment rules can target them
• sharing-and-visibility — broader sharing model design, including OWD settings, role hierarchy, and criteria-based sharing rules that use public groups
• escalation-rules — time-based re-routing of cases between queues when SLA is breached
• user-management — queue membership requires active users; deactivation workflows should include queue membership cleanup