Convex Backend

Use Convex to build type-safe backend logic with realtime data sync.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Building real-time collaborative apps (chat, dashboards, multiplayer)
• Need a backend with zero infrastructure management
• Want type-safe server functions with automatic caching
• Building AI apps that need reactive data (agent status, streaming results)
• Prototyping quickly with a managed database + functions

Prerequisites

• Node.js 18+
• npm or pnpm
• Convex account (free tier: 1M function calls/month)

Quick Start

# Initialize Convex in an existing project
npm install convex
npx convex dev     # Start local development (syncs with cloud)

# In a new project
npm create convex@latest

Schema Definition

// convex/schema.ts
import { defineSchema, defineTable } from "convex/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export default defineSchema({
  users: defineTable({
    name: v.string(),
    email: v.string(),
    role: v.union(v.literal("admin"), v.literal("member")),
    avatarUrl: v.optional(v.string()),
    createdAt: v.number(),
  })
    .index("by_email", ["email"])
    .index("by_role", ["role"]),

  messages: defineTable({
    userId: v.id("users"),
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    body: v.string(),
    attachments: v.optional(v.array(v.string())),
    createdAt: v.number(),
  })
    .index("by_channel", ["channelId", "createdAt"])
    .index("by_user", ["userId"]),

  channels: defineTable({
    name: v.string(),
    description: v.optional(v.string()),
    isPrivate: v.boolean(),
  }),
});

Queries (Real-Time Reads)

// convex/messages.ts
import { query } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export const listByChannel = query({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    limit: v.optional(v.number()),
  },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const messages = await ctx.db
      .query("messages")
      .withIndex("by_channel", (q) => q.eq("channelId", args.channelId))
      .order("desc")
      .take(args.limit ?? 50);

    // Resolve user data for each message
    return Promise.all(
      messages.map(async (msg) => {
        const user = await ctx.db.get(msg.userId);
        return { ...msg, user: user ? { name: user.name, avatarUrl: user.avatarUrl } : null };
      })
    );
  },
});

Mutations (Writes)

// convex/messages.ts
import { mutation } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export const send = mutation({
  args: {
    channelId: v.id("channels"),
    body: v.string(),
  },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const identity = await ctx.auth.getUserIdentity();
    if (!identity) throw new Error("Not authenticated");

    // Find or create user
    const user = await ctx.db
      .query("users")
      .withIndex("by_email", (q) => q.eq("email", identity.email!))
      .unique();
    if (!user) throw new Error("User not found");

    return await ctx.db.insert("messages", {
      userId: user._id,
      channelId: args.channelId,
      body: args.body,
      createdAt: Date.now(),
    });
  },
});

Actions (External APIs, AI)

// convex/ai.ts
import { action } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { api } from "./_generated/api";

export const generateResponse = action({
  args: { prompt: v.string(), channelId: v.id("channels") },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    // Call external AI API
    const response = await fetch("https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: {
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
        "x-api-key": process.env.ANTHROPIC_API_KEY!,
        "anthropic-version": "2023-06-01",
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
        max_tokens: 1024,
        messages: [{ role: "user", content: args.prompt }],
      }),
    });

    const data = await response.json();
    const aiMessage = data.content[0].text;

    // Save AI response as a message via mutation
    await ctx.runMutation(api.messages.send, {
      channelId: args.channelId,
      body: aiMessage,
    });

    return aiMessage;
  },
});

Scheduled Functions (Cron Jobs)

// convex/crons.ts
import { cronJobs } from "convex/server";
import { internal } from "./_generated/api";

const crons = cronJobs();

// Run every hour
crons.interval("cleanup old messages", { hours: 1 }, internal.maintenance.cleanupOldMessages);

// Run daily at midnight UTC
crons.cron("daily report", "0 0 * * *", internal.reports.generateDailyReport);

export default crons;

Auth Integration

// convex/auth.config.ts
export default {
  providers: [
    {
      domain: process.env.AUTH_DOMAIN,
      applicationID: "convex",
    },
  ],
};

// React client setup
import { ConvexProviderWithClerk } from "convex/react-clerk";
import { ClerkProvider, useAuth } from "@clerk/clerk-react";

function App() {
  return (
    <ClerkProvider publishableKey={CLERK_KEY}>
      <ConvexProviderWithClerk client={convex} useAuth={useAuth}>
        <MyApp />
      </ConvexProviderWithClerk>
    </ClerkProvider>
  );
}

React Client Usage

// src/components/Chat.tsx
import { useQuery, useMutation } from "convex/react";
import { api } from "../convex/_generated/api";

export function Chat({ channelId }: { channelId: string }) {
  // Real-time query — auto-updates when data changes
  const messages = useQuery(api.messages.listByChannel, { channelId });
  const sendMessage = useMutation(api.messages.send);

  const handleSend = async (body: string) => {
    await sendMessage({ channelId, body });
  };

  if (messages === undefined) return <div>Loading...</div>;

  return (
    <div>
      {messages.map((msg) => (
        <div key={msg._id}>
          <strong>{msg.user?.name}</strong>: {msg.body}
        </div>
      ))}
    </div>
  );
}

Deployment

# Deploy to production
npx convex deploy

# Deploy with environment variables
npx convex deploy --env-file .env.production

# Set environment variables
npx convex env set ANTHROPIC_API_KEY sk-ant-...
npx convex env list

# View logs
npx convex logs
npx convex logs --follow

# Run a function manually
npx convex run messages:listByChannel '{"channelId": "abc123"}'

File Storage

// convex/files.ts
import { mutation, query } from "./_generated/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export const generateUploadUrl = mutation(async (ctx) => {
  return await ctx.storage.generateUploadUrl();
});

export const getFileUrl = query({
  args: { storageId: v.id("_storage") },
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    return await ctx.storage.getUrl(args.storageId);
  },
});

Best Practices

• Define schema and validation before writing functions
• Keep mutations idempotent where possible
• Use auth identity checks in every privileged query/mutation
• Add indexes early for high-read collections
• Use internal functions for server-only logic (crons, webhooks)
• Store secrets in Convex environment variables, never in code
• Use optimistic updates in the React client for instant UI feedback

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
Function timeout	Actions have 10min limit; break into smaller steps
Query too slow	Add database index matching your query pattern
Type errors	Run npx convex dev to regenerate types
Auth not working	Check auth.config.ts and provider domain
Deploy fails	Check npx convex logs, verify env vars are set

Related Skills

• firebase-app-platform — Alternative managed backend
• vercel-deployments — Frontend hosting
• agent-observability — Instrument AI-driven backend flows