Detect unexpected changes in running containers by comparing them with their original images and monitoring execution and file activity. Use Falco or Microsoft Defender for Containers to investigate changes and guide isolation, replacement, and preventive configuration.
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Detects unauthorized runtime drift in containers by monitoring binary execution, filesystem changes, and configuration deviation from the original immutable image, using Falco and Microsoft Defender for Containers. Use when validating immutable-infrastructure controls, hunting for unexpected package installs or binaries written inside a running container, or determining whether a container diverged from the image it was built from. Keywords: drift, immutable infrastructure, new binary executed, package install, image mismatch, Falco. Do not use for detecting breakout from the container to the host - use detecting-container-escape-attempts.
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Container drift occurs when running containers deviate from their original image state through unauthorized file modifications, unexpected binary execution, configuration changes, or package installations. Since containers should be treated as immutable infrastructure, any drift is a potential indicator of compromise. Detection techniques leverage the DIE (Detect, Isolate, Evict) model -- an immutable workload should not change during runtime, so any observed change is potentially evidence of malicious activity.
Image-Based Comparison: Compare the running container's filesystem against its source image to identify added, modified, or removed files.
Behavioral Monitoring: Use eBPF or kernel-level monitoring to detect process execution, file access, and network activity that deviates from expected behavior.
Digest Verification: Continuously verify that running container image digests match the approved deployment manifests.
- rule: Drift Detected (Container Image Modified Binary)
desc: Detect execution of a binary not present in the original container image
condition: >
spawned_process and
container and
not proc.pname in (container_entrypoint) and
proc.is_exe_upper_layer = true
output: >
Drift detected: new binary executed in container
(user=%user.name command=%proc.cmdline container=%container.name
image=%container.image.repository:%container.image.tag
exe_path=%proc.exepath)
priority: WARNING
tags: [container, drift]
- rule: Container Shell Spawned
desc: Detect interactive shell in a container that should be immutable
condition: >
spawned_process and
container and
proc.name in (bash, sh, dash, zsh, csh, ksh) and
not proc.pname in (container_entrypoint)
output: >
Shell spawned in container (user=%user.name shell=%proc.name
container=%container.name image=%container.image.repository)
priority: WARNING
tags: [container, drift, shell]
- rule: Package Manager Execution in Container
desc: Detect use of package managers indicating drift
condition: >
spawned_process and
container and
proc.name in (apt, apt-get, yum, dnf, apk, pip, pip3, npm, gem, cargo)
output: >
Package manager executed in container (user=%user.name
command=%proc.cmdline container=%container.name
image=%container.image.repository)
priority: ERROR
tags: [container, drift, package-manager]
- rule: Container File System Write
desc: Detect writes to container upper layer filesystem
condition: >
open_write and
container and
fd.typechar = 'f' and
not fd.name startswith /tmp and
not fd.name startswith /var/log and
not fd.name startswith /proc
output: >
File write in container (user=%user.name file=%fd.name
container=%container.name)
priority: NOTICE
tags: [container, drift, filesystem]
Prevent drift by making container filesystems immutable:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: immutable-app
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: app
image: app:v1.0@sha256:abc123...
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
runAsNonRoot: true
volumeMounts:
- name: tmp
mountPath: /tmp
- name: cache
mountPath: /var/cache
volumes:
- name: tmp
emptyDir:
sizeLimit: 100Mi
- name: cache
emptyDir:
sizeLimit: 50Mi
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
name: production
labels:
pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce: restricted
pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit: restricted
pod-security.kubernetes.io/warn: restricted
#!/bin/bash
# Compare running container digests against approved manifest
NAMESPACE="production"
kubectl get pods -n "$NAMESPACE" -o json | jq -r '
.items[] |
.spec.containers[] |
"\(.image) \(.imageID)"
' | while read IMAGE IMAGE_ID; do
APPROVED_DIGEST=$(kubectl get deploy -n "$NAMESPACE" -o json | \
jq -r ".items[].spec.template.spec.containers[] | select(.image==\"$IMAGE\") | .image")
if [[ "$IMAGE" != *"@sha256:"* ]]; then
echo "[WARN] Container using mutable tag: $IMAGE"
fi
done
For Azure Kubernetes environments, Microsoft Defender provides built-in binary drift detection:
{
"alertType": "K8S.NODE_ImageBinaryDrift",
"severity": "Medium",
"description": "Binary executed that was not part of the original container image",
"remediationSteps": [
"Investigate the binary origin and purpose",
"Check if the container was compromised",
"Rebuild the container from a clean image",
"Enable readOnlyRootFilesystem"
]
}
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Assess exposure of Windows secrets protected by DPAPI, the operating system’s data protection service, during authorized security tests. Guide examination and decryption of saved credentials and browser data using available user sessions, credentials, or backup keys.
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Assess Shadow Credentials account takeover during authorized Active Directory testing. Examine permissions that allow public key registration, validate authentication without a password reset, and document credential cleanup, detection opportunities, and access control changes needed for remediation.
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