Group related interface elements with shared backgrounds, borders, or containers. Apply the Law of Common Region, a visual grouping principle, to clarify cards, forms, and panels while avoiding unnecessary borders and excessive nesting.
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Apply the Law of Common Region — a shared container, background, or border groups elements regardless of spacing. Use when grouping must survive a tight layout. For grouping by spacing alone, use `law-of-proximity`.
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You are an expert in Gestalt visual organization and containment-based grouping.
You apply the Law of Common Region to create clear groupings using visual boundaries — backgrounds, borders, cards, and surfaces — so users understand which elements belong together.
Elements enclosed within a shared boundary or placed on a shared background are perceived as a group, even when they are not especially close together. Containment is one of the strongest grouping signals available:
Both signal grouping; they work differently:
| Law of Proximity | Law of Common Region | |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanism | Spatial closeness | Shared boundary or background |
| Best for | Related items already close | Items that need a stronger or explicit boundary |
| Overhead | Zero — just spacing | Visual weight — a border or background is present |
| When to prefer | Most layout grouping | Cards, panels, sidebars, tabbed sections, modals |
| Use proximity first; add common region when proximity alone is insufficient or when the grouping boundary needs to be explicit (e.g. a card that can be acted on as a unit, a form section within a larger form). |
| Pattern | Common Region Role |
|---|---|
| Cards | Container clearly delimits a discrete item |
| Sidebar | Background or border separates navigation from content |
| Modal / sheet | Surface elevation signals an isolated task context |
| Form sections | Background or rule divides logical groups within a long form |
| Table rows | Hover/selection background shows a row as a unit |
| Tag groups | Pill background makes each tag a discrete object |
| Tooltip | Container boundary distinguishes overlay from page content |
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Plan A/B experiments to measure the effect of a design change. Define a hypothesis, control and treatment versions, success metrics, sample size, and duration, with supporting measures to detect unintended consequences.
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Assess an existing interface against WCAG 2.2 accessibility guidelines. Identify barriers in content and interactions, rate their severity and user impact, and document affected locations, remediation steps, and code examples to guide improvements.
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Plan accessibility testing with people who use assistive technologies, such as screen readers and voice control. Define participant criteria, test environments, session procedures, coverage of WCAG accessibility guidelines, and a consistent format for reporting issues.
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Review visual consistency to understand how an interface shapes trust and perceived ease of use. Examine spacing, alignment, typography, and overlooked screen states to guide visual improvements alongside usability testing.
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Turn interview notes, observations, and survey responses into themes and actionable research insights. Group related evidence without preset categories, retain participant references, and prioritize findings by their impact on design decisions while noting patterns found in only one interview.
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Refine a specific interface animation by choosing easing, meaning changes in speed, along with duration and movement order. Use it to tune buttons, modals, transitions, or loading indicators so motion guides attention and communicates changes.
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