Braintrust Tracing for Claude Code

Comprehensive guide to tracing Claude Code sessions in Braintrust, including sub-agent correlation.

Architecture Overview

                         PARENT SESSION
                    +---------------------+
                    |  SessionStart       |
                    |  (creates root)     |
                    +----------+----------+
                               |
                    +----------v----------+
                    |  UserPromptSubmit   |
                    |  (creates Turn)     |
                    +----------+----------+
                               |
          +--------------------+--------------------+
          |                    |                    |
+---------v--------+  +--------v--------+  +--------v--------+
| PostToolUse      |  | PostToolUse     |  | PreToolUse      |
| (Read span)      |  | (Edit span)     |  | (Task - inject) |
+------------------+  +-----------------+  +--------+--------+
                                                    |
                                         +----------v----------+
                                         |   SUB-AGENT         |
                                         |   SessionStart      |
                                         |   (NEW root_span_id)|
                                         +----------+----------+
                                                    |
                                         +----------v----------+
                                         |   SubagentStop      |
                                         |   (has session_id)  |
                                         +---------------------+

Hook Event Flow

Hook	Trigger	Creates	Key Fields
SessionStart	Session begins	Root span	session_id, root_span_id
UserPromptSubmit	User sends prompt	Turn span	prompt, turn_number
PreToolUse	Before tool runs	(modifies Task prompts)	tool_input.prompt
PostToolUse	After tool runs	Tool span	tool_name, input, output
Stop	Turn completes	LLM spans	model, tokens, tool_calls
SubagentStop	Sub-agent finishes	(no span)	session_id of sub-agent
SessionEnd	Session ends	(finalizes root)	turn_count, tool_count

Trace Hierarchy

Session (task span) - root_span_id = session_id
|
+-- Turn 1 (task span)
|   |
|   +-- claude-sonnet (llm span) - model call with tool_use
|   +-- Read (tool span)
|   +-- Edit (tool span)
|   +-- claude-sonnet (llm span) - response after tools
|
+-- Turn 2 (task span)
|   |
|   +-- claude-sonnet (llm span)
|   +-- Task (tool span) -----> [Sub-agent session - SEPARATE trace]
|   +-- claude-sonnet (llm span)
|
+-- Turn 3 ...

Sub-Agent Tracing: What Works and What Doesn't

What Doesn't Work

SessionStart doesn't receive the Task prompt.

We tried injecting trace context into Task prompts via PreToolUse:

# PreToolUse hook injects:
[BRAINTRUST_TRACE_CONTEXT]
{"root_span_id": "abc", "parent_span_id": "xyz", "project_id": "123"}
[/BRAINTRUST_TRACE_CONTEXT]

But SessionStart only receives session metadata, not the modified prompt. The injected context is lost.

What DOES Work

Task spans in parent session contain everything:

• agentId - identifier for the sub-agent run
• totalTokens, totalToolUseCount - metrics
• content - full agent response/summary
• tool_input.prompt - original task prompt
• tool_input.subagent_type - agent type (e.g., "oracle")

SubagentStop hook receives the sub-agent's session_id:

• This equals the sub-agent's orphaned trace root_span_id
• Allows correlation between parent Task span and child trace

The Correlation Pattern

Current state: Sub-agents create orphaned traces (new root_span_id).

Correlation method:

1. Query parent session's Task spans for agent metadata
2. Match agentId or timing with orphaned traces
3. Sub-agent's session_id = its trace's root_span_id

Future solution (not yet implemented):

SubagentStop fires -> writes session_id to temp file
PostToolUse (Task) -> reads temp file -> adds child_session_id to Task span metadata

This would link: Task.agentId + Task.child_session_id -> orphaned trace root_span_id

State Management

Per-Session State Files

~/.claude/state/braintrust_sessions/
  {session_id}.json       # Per-session state

Each session file contains:

{
  "root_span_id": "abc-123",
  "project_id": "proj-456",
  "turn_count": 5,
  "tool_count": 23,
  "current_turn_span_id": "turn-789",
  "current_turn_start": 1703456789,
  "started": "2025-12-24T10:00:00.000Z",
  "is_subagent": false
}

Global State

~/.claude/state/braintrust_global.json   # Cached project_id
~/.claude/state/braintrust_hook.log      # Debug log

Debugging Commands

Check if Tracing is Active

# View hook logs in real-time
tail -f ~/.claude/state/braintrust_hook.log

# Check if session has state
cat ~/.claude/state/braintrust_sessions/*.json | jq -s '.'

# Verify environment
echo "TRACE_TO_BRAINTRUST=$TRACE_TO_BRAINTRUST"
echo "BRAINTRUST_API_KEY=${BRAINTRUST_API_KEY:+set}"

Query Braintrust Directly

# List recent sessions
uv run python -m runtime.harness scripts/braintrust_analyze.py --sessions 5

# Analyze last session
uv run python -m runtime.harness scripts/braintrust_analyze.py --last-session

# Replay specific session
uv run python -m runtime.harness scripts/braintrust_analyze.py --replay <session-id>

# Find sub-agent traces (orphaned roots)
uv run python -m runtime.harness scripts/braintrust_analyze.py --agent-stats

Debug Hook Execution

# Enable verbose logging
export BRAINTRUST_CC_DEBUG=true

# Test hooks manually
echo '{"session_id":"test-123","type":"resume"}' | \
  bash "$CLAUDE_PROJECT_DIR/.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/session_start.sh"

# Test PreToolUse (Task injection)
echo '{"session_id":"test-123","tool_name":"Task","tool_input":{"prompt":"test"}}' | \
  bash "$CLAUDE_PROJECT_DIR/.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/pre_tool_use.sh"

Troubleshooting Checklist

1. No traces appearing:

   • Check TRACE_TO_BRAINTRUST=true in .claude/settings.local.json
   • Verify API key: echo $BRAINTRUST_API_KEY
   • Check logs: tail -20 ~/.claude/state/braintrust_hook.log

2. Sub-agents not linking:

   • This is expected - sub-agents create orphaned traces
   • Use --agent-stats to find agent activity
   • Correlate via timing or agentId in parent Task span

3. Missing spans:

   • Check current_turn_span_id in session state
   • Ensure Stop hook runs (turn finalization)
   • Look for "Failed to create" errors in log

4. State corruption:

   • Remove session state: rm ~/.claude/state/braintrust_sessions/*.json
   • Clear global cache: rm ~/.claude/state/braintrust_global.json

Key Files

File	Purpose
.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/common.sh	Shared utilities, API, state management
.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/session_start.sh	Creates root span, handles sub-agent context
.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/user_prompt_submit.sh	Creates Turn spans per user message
.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/pre_tool_use.sh	Injects trace context into Task prompts
.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/post_tool_use.sh	Creates tool spans, captures agent/skill metadata
.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/stop_hook.sh	Creates LLM spans, finalizes Turns
.claude/plugins/braintrust-tracing/hooks/session_end.sh	Finalizes session, triggers learning extraction
scripts/braintrust_analyze.py	Query and analyze traced sessions
~/.claude/state/braintrust_sessions/	Per-session state files
~/.claude/state/braintrust_hook.log	Debug log

Environment Variables

Variable	Required	Default	Description
TRACE_TO_BRAINTRUST	Yes	-	Set to "true" to enable
BRAINTRUST_API_KEY	Yes	-	API key for Braintrust
BRAINTRUST_CC_PROJECT	No	claude-code	Project name
BRAINTRUST_CC_DEBUG	No	false	Verbose logging
BRAINTRUST_API_URL	No	https://api.braintrust.dev	API endpoint

Session Learnings

What We Learned About Sub-Agent Tracing (Dec 2025)

Attempted: Inject trace context via PreToolUse into Task prompts.

Result: Failed - SessionStart only receives session metadata, not the prompt.

Discovery: Task spans already contain rich sub-agent data:

• metadata.agent_type - agent type from subagent_type
• metadata.skill_name - skill from Skill tool
• tool_input - full prompt sent to agent
• tool_output - agent response

Current correlation path:

1. Parent session Task span has agentId and timing
2. Sub-agent creates orphaned trace with root_span_id = session_id
3. SubagentStop provides the sub-agent's session_id
4. Manual correlation: match timing or use session_id link

Future work: Write child_session_id to Task span metadata from PostToolUse after SubagentStop.

What We Learned About Sub-Agent Correlation

The Problem

• Sub-agents spawned via Task tool create orphaned Braintrust traces
• Parent session has Task spans with agentId, sub-agent has separate session_id
• No built-in link between them

What DOESN'T Work

1. Prompt injection via PreToolUse

SessionStart hook only receives session metadata (session_id, type, cwd), NOT the prompt. Injected trace context is never seen.

The hook receives:

{
  "session_id": "...",
  "type": "start|resume|compact|clear",
  "cwd": "...",
  "env": {...}
}

No prompt field exists - context injection is impossible at SessionStart.

2. SubagentStop → PostToolUse file handoff

Race condition. These are independent async hooks with no timing guarantees:

• SubagentStop fires when sub-agent session ends
• PostToolUse (Task) fires when Task tool completes
• No ordering guarantee between them
• Writing to a correlation file creates a race

3. PreToolUse correlation files

SessionStart can't access the task_span_id because it has no context about which Task spawned it. PreToolUse modifies prompts but doesn't create a reliably accessible state file that SessionStart can find.

What DOES Work

Post-hoc matching for dataset building:

Parent session Task spans contain:

• agentId - identifier for the sub-agent run
• totalTokens, totalToolUseCount - aggregated metrics
• content - full agent response/summary
• tool_input.prompt - original task prompt
• tool_input.subagent_type - agent type (e.g., "oracle")
• Start/end timestamps

Sub-agent sessions contain:

• session_id (equals orphaned trace root_span_id)
• Start/end timestamps
• All internal spans and tool calls

Correlation strategy:

1. Export parent session traces (query parent root_span_id)
2. Export sub-agent traces (query all sessions created within parent's time window)
3. Match by:
   • Timing: Task span end ≈ sub-agent session end
   • Metadata: subagent_type from Task prompt
   • IDs: SubagentStop hook provides session_id (can be captured and logged)

Architecture Insight

SessionStart input is intentionally minimal - it contains no prompt or tool context:

interface SessionStartInput {
  session_id: string;
  type: "start" | "resume" | "compact" | "clear";
  cwd: string;
  env: { [key: string]: string };
  // NO: prompt, tool_context, task_span_id, parent_span_id
}

This design boundary prevents real-time correlation at hook time.

Recommendation

For building agent run datasets with sub-agent correlation:

1. In-session logging: Capture SubagentStop session_id in logs or state
2. Post-session export: Query Braintrust API for parent and sub-agent traces
3. Offline correlation: Match traces by timing and metadata in a script
4. Don't try real-time linking: Hooks don't have necessary context

Example script pattern:

# 1. Export parent session
braintrust_analyze.py --replay <parent-session-id> > parent_traces.json

# 2. Query for orphaned sub-agent traces (those created during parent's time window)
braintrust_analyze.py --agent-stats > all_agent_traces.json

# 3. Correlate in Python:
#    - Parent Task spans -> agentId, timestamps, subagent_type
#    - Orphaned traces -> root_span_id, timestamps
#    - Match by timing and type

This approach is reliable, testable, and doesn't require hooks to maintain implicit state.