apollo-server-tests

Overview

executeOperation initializes automatically - no startup needed for unit-style tests against the schema in-process. For HTTP-layer tests (CORS, middleware, response headers), use supertest against an ephemeral-port server.

When to use

• Unit tests for resolvers using executeOperation.
• Integration tests for HTTP-layer behaviour using supertest.
• Production-config gates: assert introspection / APQ / hideSchemaDetails settings match your production config.

Authoring

Install

npm install --save-dev @apollo/server supertest @types/supertest

In-process tests with executeOperation

import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';
import { typeDefs, resolvers } from './schema';

const testServer = new ApolloServer({ typeDefs, resolvers });

test('returns greeting', async () => {
  const response = await testServer.executeOperation({
    query: 'query SayHelloWorld($name: String) { hello(name: $name) }',
    variables: { name: 'world' },
  });

  // Parse/validation/execution errors surface in `errors`, not thrown
  if (response.body.kind !== 'single') throw new Error('expected single');
  expect(response.body.singleResult.errors).toBeUndefined();
  expect(response.body.singleResult.data?.hello).toBe('Hello world!');
});

Context injection (auth, datasources)

const res = await testServer.executeOperation(
  { query: GET_LAUNCH, variables: { id: 1 } },
  {
    contextValue: {
      user: { id: 1, email: 'a@a.a' },
      dataSources: { userAPI, launchAPI },
    },
  },
);

contextValue bypasses the production context function (which parses headers).

HTTP-layer tests with supertest

import { startStandaloneServer } from '@apollo/server/standalone';
import request from 'supertest';

let server: ApolloServer;
let url: string;

beforeAll(async () => {
  server = new ApolloServer({ typeDefs, resolvers });
  ({ url } = await startStandaloneServer(server, {
    listen: { port: 0 },   // OS picks port → parallel-test safe
  }));
});

afterAll(async () => {
  await server?.stop();
});

it('says hello over HTTP', async () => {
  const response = await request(url)
    .post('/')
    .send({ query: '{ hello }' });
  expect(response.status).toBe(200);
  expect(response.body.data?.hello).toBeDefined();
});

Running

Standard test commands

npm test                    # jest / vitest pick up *.test.ts
npx jest schema.test.ts -t "introspection"

Production-config tests (most important)

Assert prod-time security defaults under NODE_ENV=production:

import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';

test('introspection disabled when production', async () => {
  process.env.NODE_ENV = 'production';
  const prodServer = new ApolloServer({
    typeDefs, resolvers,
    introspection: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production',
  });
  const resp = await prodServer.executeOperation({
    query: '{ __schema { types { name } } }',
  });
  if (resp.body.kind !== 'single') throw new Error('expected single');
  expect(resp.body.singleResult.errors).toBeDefined();
  expect(resp.body.singleResult.errors?.[0].message).toMatch(/introspection/i);
});

test('hideSchemaDetailsFromClientErrors strips did-you-mean', async () => {
  const server = new ApolloServer({
    typeDefs, resolvers,
    hideSchemaDetailsFromClientErrors: true,
  });
  const resp = await server.executeOperation({
    query: '{ usre { id } }',  // typo
  });
  if (resp.body.kind !== 'single') throw new Error('expected single');
  expect(JSON.stringify(resp.body.singleResult.errors)).not.toMatch(/did you mean/i);
});

Persisted-query mode test

Strict allowlist (APQ) mode:

test('strict APQ rejects unregistered hash', async () => {
  const server = new ApolloServer({
    typeDefs, resolvers,
    persistedQueries: false,  // turn off auto-register
    plugins: [/* strict-allowlist plugin from manifest */],
  });
  const { url } = await startStandaloneServer(server, { listen: { port: 0 } });

  const resp = await request(url).post('/').send({
    extensions: { persistedQuery: { version: 1, sha256Hash: 'deadbeef'.repeat(8) } },
  });
  expect(resp.body.errors[0].extensions.code).toMatch(/PERSISTED_QUERY/);
});

Parsing results

The executeOperation response shape is discriminated:

type ExecuteOperationResult =
  | { body: { kind: 'single'; singleResult: { data?: ...; errors?: ... } } }
  | { body: { kind: 'incremental'; ... } };

Always check kind === 'single' first. The errors array contains GraphQLError objects with message, path, extensions.code (e.g., 'BAD_USER_INPUT', 'UNAUTHENTICATED', 'PERSISTED_QUERY_NOT_FOUND').

For supertest: standard HTTP response; response.body.errors if GraphQL-level error, response.status if transport error.

CI integration

# .github/workflows/graphql-tests.yml
name: graphql
on: [pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: '20'
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm test
      - name: Production-config assertions
        env:
          NODE_ENV: production
        run: npx jest tests/production-config/ --forceExit

The production-config jobs run separately with NODE_ENV=production so the actual prod-time defaults are exercised.

Anti-patterns

Anti-pattern	Why it fails	Fix
Tests in NODE_ENV=test only	Production defaults differ; introspection-disabled gate untested	Separate prod-config test job
executeOperation for HTTP-layer concerns	Skips middleware, CORS, headers	Use supertest for HTTP-layer
Hardcoded port 4000 in tests	Parallel CI conflicts	port: 0
Forgetting server.stop() in afterAll	Connection leak across tests	Always stop
Asserting errors[0].message string	Brittle to wording / i18n	Assert extensions.code
Skipping contextValue injection	Tests use real auth headers; flaky	Inject mocked context per test
One mega-test for the whole schema	Failures hard to diagnose	One test per resolver / operation
data access without checking errors	Errors masked; false positives	Check errors === undefined first

Limitations

• executeOperation skips HTTP. Auth via headers, CORS, rate-limiting middleware are not exercised. Use supertest for those.
• Doesn't test subscriptions over WS. Subscriptions need a WebSocket server; use graphql-ws test patterns.
• Doesn't catch type-level bugs at runtime. Test the runtime behaviour, not the type definitions.
• Doesn't replace contract tests. Mocked context can drift from prod; pair with schema-regression contract tests.

References

• Apollo Server testing: apollographql.com/docs/apollo-server/testing/testing
• Apollo Server API - introspection, persisted queries, error config: apollographql.com/docs/apollo-server/api/apollo-server