Results for “sample”

Designs adaptive clinical trials including group-sequential (O'Brien-Fleming, Pocock, Lan-DeMets spending), sample-size re-estimation (blinded Friede-Kieser, unblinded Cui-Hung-Wang, Mehta-Pocock promising zone), seamless Phase 2/3 with treatment-arm selection, population enrichment, and response-adaptive randomisation. Covers FDA 2019 Final Adaptive Designs Guidance, FDA 2022 Master Protocols, and ICH E20 Step 2b/3 draft (June 2025, NOT final). Use when planning interim analyses, sample-size re-estimation, or master/platform-trial designs.

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Segments the genome into chromatin states from combinatorial histone modification and chromatin factor ChIP-seq data. Uses ChromHMM (multivariate HMM on binarized signal, v1.27), Segway (Dynamic Bayesian Network on continuous signal), EpiSegMix (flexible-distribution HMM with duration modeling, 2024), EpiLogos (multi-biosample visualization), IDEAS (cell-type-aware joint), and full-stack ChromHMM (Vu Ernst 2022) for cross-cell-type segmentations. Handles state-count selection (15 vs 18 vs 25 states), binarization choice, OverlapEnrichment / NeighborhoodEnrichment downstream analysis, and cross-biosample integration. Use when learning chromatin states from a histone mark panel, characterizing learned states by genomic feature enrichment, or comparing chromatin landscapes across cell types.

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Estimate bivariate genetic correlation (rg) between traits from GWAS summary statistics or individual-level genotypes using cross-trait LDSC, HDL, LAVA, rho-HESS, GREML-bivariate, Popcorn, and HDL-L. Use when quantifying shared genetic architecture between two traits, screening MR validity before causal inference, distinguishing global from locus-level rg, estimating trans-ancestry rg, separating partial from full causation via LCV gcp, or producing a STROBE-MR-compliant cross-trait sensitivity battery. Cross-trait LDSC intercept absorbs sample overlap and is NOT a bias; HDL is biased under sample overlap above ~5%. High rg between exposure and outcome motivates CHP-aware MR sensitivity (CAUSE, LHC-MR).

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Detects aberrant splicing in single rare-disease patients vs a control panel using FRASER 2.0 (Bioconductor; Beta-binomial autoencoder on Intron Jaccard Index, default delta cutoff 0.1, q hyperparameter), OUTRIDER (gene-level outlier expression via autoencoder denoising), LeafcutterMD (Dirichlet-multinomial outlier mode of LeafCutter for annotation-free junctions), and DROP (Snakemake pipeline integrating FRASER2 + OUTRIDER + monoallelic expression for clinical diagnostics). The statistical model is fundamentally different from differential splicing — single-sample-vs-cohort outlier detection rather than two-group comparison. Standard tool in EU rare-disease (Solve-RD) and NIH UDN programs. Use when applying RNA-seq to undiagnosed Mendelian disease, validating predicted splice variants in clinical samples, or detecting cryptic splicing in disease tissue.

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Analyze TF motif accessibility variability across samples or single cells using chromVAR. Use when identifying TF motifs whose accessibility correlates with conditions, computing per-sample motif z-scores after matched background correction, comparing to ArchR / Signac equivalents, or distinguishing motif-accessibility signal from per-site footprinting.

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Balances Hi-C contact matrices (ICE via cooler.balance_cooler, KR/SCALE/VC context), computes distance-decay expected with cooltools (expected_cis per-diagonal P(s), expected_trans scalar), builds observed/expected (O/E) matrices, and diagnoses polymer state from the P(s) log-derivative. Covers the within-matrix-vs-cross-sample distinction (balancing is NOT a normalizer), the equal-visibility assumption that CNV/aneuploidy violates (use raw counts for copy-number), cis-only balancing, mad_max/blacklist masking before balancing, multiplicative cooler weights vs divisive juicer weights, and the resolution-vs-depth budget. Use when balancing a .cool/.mcool, computing expected or P(s), making O/E matrices for compartments/loops, deciding ICE vs KR vs SCALE, choosing a resolution for a given depth, or troubleshooting NaN/all-NaN balanced matrices; route cross-sample comparison to hic-differential.

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Compares Hi-C contact maps between conditions across the right scale -- differential bin-pair contacts (multiHiCcompare, diffHic), differential A/B compartments (dcHiC), differential TAD boundaries (delta insulation), and differential loops (diffloop, DiffHiChIP) -- with distance-stratified between-sample normalization, replicate-aware NB-GLM FDR, HiCRep SCC reproducibility gating, and CNV correction for cancer/aneuploid samples. Use when comparing Hi-C between treatment and control, finding differential contacts/compartments/boundaries/loops, normalizing two maps of unequal depth, choosing a replicate-aware test, gating replicates with SCC, or correcting copy-number artifacts before a tumor-vs-normal comparison.

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Generates, normalizes, and converts bedGraph signal tracks (4-column chrom/start/end/value, 0-based half-open) with bedtools genomecov, deepTools bamCoverage/bamCompare/bigwigCompare, bedtools unionbedg, and UCSC bedGraphToBigWig. Covers why a raw coverage bedGraph is not comparable across samples until normalized, the CPM/RPKM/BPM/RPGC normalization menu and the conserved-total assumption that makes them wrong under a global perturbation, the strict sorted-non-overlapping-chrom.sizes bedGraphToBigWig contract that silently corrupts a bigWig, effective-genome-size selection, and bin-size aliasing. Use when building or normalizing a coverage/signal track from a BAM, comparing tracks across samples or conditions, converting bedGraph to a browser-ready bigWig, or diagnosing a track that looks plausible but reports wrong heights.

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Performs differential expression on bulk RNA-seq count data with edgeR's negative-binomial GLM and quasi-likelihood F-test framework. Covers DGEList construction, filterByExpr, TMM/TMMwsp normalization, robust dispersion estimation, glmQLFit/glmQLFTest, TREAT for magnitude-bounded hypotheses, contrasts via no-intercept designs, voom and voomWithQualityWeights for heterogeneous samples, and the edgeR v4 bias-corrected APL changes. Use when running bulk DE with edgeR, choosing edgeR over DESeq2 (small n, transcript DE via catchSalmon, large samples), needing TREAT for a fold-change-threshold hypothesis, troubleshooting v3-to-v4 reproducibility, building paired or interaction designs, or handling library-quality heterogeneity.

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Designs genomics experiments so technical nuisance variation (batch, lane, plate, flow cell, operator, reagent lot, processing day) is balanced against the biological variable of interest and therefore estimable rather than confounded, using constrained sample-to-batch assignment (designit, OSAT), the confounder/mediator/collider distinction, and the principle that no post-hoc correction recovers a fully confounded design. Covers detecting hidden batches with surrogate variable analysis, a decision table for downstream correction (ComBat-seq, RUVSeq, SVA) whose execution is deferred to differential-expression/batch-correction, and reproducibility metadata. Use when assigning samples to sequencing batches/lanes/plates, avoiding batch-condition confounding, deciding whether a design is salvageable by correction, choosing a correction method, or estimating the number of hidden batches. For the experimental unit, randomization, and blocking concepts see experimental-design/randomization-blocking.

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Normalizes and transforms RNA-seq count matrices for DE, visualization, clustering, and ML. Covers between-sample (TMM, TMMwsp, RLE/median-of-ratios, upper quartile), within-sample (TPM, FPKM/RPKM), variance-stabilizing (VST, rlog, log-CPM), GC-content correction (cqn, EDASeq), and single-cell (scran deconvolution, scanpy normalize_total). Encodes the composition-bias rationale, the "most genes not DE" assumption and its catastrophic failure modes (MYC amplification, apoptosis, viral host shutoff, prokaryotic stress), the "lengthScaledTPM is not TPM" naming trap, the "TPM is not for DE" rule, the blind=TRUE vs FALSE decision, ERCC spike-in normalization (SBN), and the single-cell zero-inflation breakdown of TMM/RLE. Use when choosing or applying normalization, debugging shifted-MA-plot diagnostics, handling zero-heavy single-cell data, or correcting GC bias.

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Quantifies CRISPR editing outcomes with CRISPResso2 (Clement 2019 Nat Biotechnol) across Cas9-nuclease (indels, HDR), CBE and ABE base editors (target conversion + bystander), and prime editor (pegRNA-templated) modes. Covers single-amplicon (CRISPResso), multi-sample batch (CRISPRessoBatch), pooled-amplicon (CRISPRessoPooled), WGS off-target (CRISPRessoWGS), and sample-comparison (CRISPRessoCompare) workflows; quantification-window math that controls what is called edited; substitution-vs-indel diagnostic to distinguish BE from Cas9 contamination; MMEJ deletion pattern interpretation; allele-frequency tables; and failure modes from amplicon misalignment or contamination. Use when quantifying editing from amplicon sequencing, choosing CRISPResso mode by design, distinguishing intended edits from bystanders and indel byproducts, debugging low-alignment runs, or generating publication-grade editing reports.

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Build OncoPrint and co-mutation matrix plots from somatic-variant cohorts using ComplexHeatmap, maftools, and comut.py with alteration-type stacking, sample ordering by mutational burden, mutual-exclusivity overlays, and clinical annotation tracks. Use when visualizing per-sample mutation patterns across recurrent driver genes, comparing alteration classes, or identifying mutually-exclusive / co-occurring driver pairs.

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Build clustered heatmaps for expression matrices and other features-by-samples data with rigorous distance/linkage/scaling choices, robust color mapping, optimal leaf ordering, and ComplexHeatmap/pheatmap/seaborn rendering. Covers the ward.D vs ward.D2 trap, the row-vs-column scaling decision, multi-track annotations, oncoPrint, and raster rendering for large matrices. Use when visualizing expression patterns across samples or identifying co-regulated clusters.

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Queries gnomAD v4 (807k samples), v3, v2.1.1, and constraint metrics with grpmax FAF95, bottleneck-group exclusion, LOEUF interpretation, SV/CNV/mtDNA catalogs, and Whiffin max-credible-AF framework. Use when filtering rare variants, applying ACMG BS1/BA1, ranking genes by LoF intolerance, or selecting between v2 (GRCh37 + chrX/Y constraint) and v4 (GRCh38 + 807k samples).

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Computes sample size and power for clinical trials including continuous, binary, and time-to-event endpoints; superiority, non-inferiority, and equivalence designs; FDA 2016 non-inferiority margin selection with M1/M2 framework; Schoenfeld 1981 and Lakatos 1988 for survival; Schuirmann TOST and 80-125% bioequivalence; minimum clinically important difference (MCID) vs δ distinction. Use when justifying trial size in protocol or SAP per CONSORT 2025 item 7.

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Estimate bivariate genetic correlation (rg) between traits from GWAS summary statistics or individual-level genotypes using cross-trait LDSC, HDL, LAVA, rho-HESS, GREML-bivariate, Popcorn, and HDL-L. Use when quantifying shared genetic architecture between two traits, screening MR validity before causal inference, distinguishing global from locus-level rg, estimating trans-ancestry rg, separating partial from full causation via LCV gcp, or producing a STROBE-MR-compliant cross-trait sensitivity battery. Cross-trait LDSC intercept absorbs sample overlap and is NOT a bias; HDL is biased under sample overlap above ~5%. High rg between exposure and outcome motivates CHP-aware MR sensitivity (CAUSE, LHC-MR).

The English summary is being prepared. Showing the original description.

Designs adaptive clinical trials including group-sequential (O'Brien-Fleming, Pocock, Lan-DeMets spending), sample-size re-estimation (blinded Friede-Kieser, unblinded Cui-Hung-Wang, Mehta-Pocock promising zone), seamless Phase 2/3 with treatment-arm selection, population enrichment, and response-adaptive randomisation. Covers FDA 2019 Final Adaptive Designs Guidance, FDA 2022 Master Protocols, and ICH E20 Step 2b/3 draft (June 2025, NOT final). Use when planning interim analyses, sample-size re-estimation, or master/platform-trial designs.

The English summary is being prepared. Showing the original description.

Segments the genome into chromatin states from combinatorial histone modification and chromatin factor ChIP-seq data. Uses ChromHMM (multivariate HMM on binarized signal, v1.27), Segway (Dynamic Bayesian Network on continuous signal), EpiSegMix (flexible-distribution HMM with duration modeling, 2024), EpiLogos (multi-biosample visualization), IDEAS (cell-type-aware joint), and full-stack ChromHMM (Vu Ernst 2022) for cross-cell-type segmentations. Handles state-count selection (15 vs 18 vs 25 states), binarization choice, OverlapEnrichment / NeighborhoodEnrichment downstream analysis, and cross-biosample integration. Use when learning chromatin states from a histone mark panel, characterizing learned states by genomic feature enrichment, or comparing chromatin landscapes across cell types.

The English summary is being prepared. Showing the original description.

Analyze TF motif accessibility variability across samples or single cells using chromVAR. Use when identifying TF motifs whose accessibility correlates with conditions, computing per-sample motif z-scores after matched background correction, comparing to ArchR / Signac equivalents, or distinguishing motif-accessibility signal from per-site footprinting.

The English summary is being prepared. Showing the original description.

Detects aberrant splicing in single rare-disease patients vs a control panel using FRASER 2.0 (Bioconductor; Beta-binomial autoencoder on Intron Jaccard Index, default delta cutoff 0.1, q hyperparameter), OUTRIDER (gene-level outlier expression via autoencoder denoising), LeafcutterMD (Dirichlet-multinomial outlier mode of LeafCutter for annotation-free junctions), and DROP (Snakemake pipeline integrating FRASER2 + OUTRIDER + monoallelic expression for clinical diagnostics). The statistical model is fundamentally different from differential splicing — single-sample-vs-cohort outlier detection rather than two-group comparison. Standard tool in EU rare-disease (Solve-RD) and NIH UDN programs. Use when applying RNA-seq to undiagnosed Mendelian disease, validating predicted splice variants in clinical samples, or detecting cryptic splicing in disease tissue.

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Identifies and unpacks UPX-packed and other packed malware samples to expose the original executable code for static analysis. Covers both standard UPX unpacking and handling modified UPX headers that prevent automated decompression. Activates for requests involving malware unpacking, UPX decompression, packer removal, or preparing packed samples for analysis.

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Build temporary OpenClaw terminal interfaces with fixed sample data and compare two to six interactive designs side by side in tmux, a terminal pane manager, using the actual rendering components without running the full application.

• Comparing onboarding screen designs
• Trying chat or selector layouts
• Comparing an existing screen with alternatives

Find current web information, code examples, and company or professional profiles through Exa. Separate general research from searches for API documentation and sample code to gather material relevant to the task.

• Looking up current news and web information
• Finding code examples and API documentation
• Researching companies and competitors