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backend-patterns

Structure server-side applications with practical patterns for Node.js, Express, and Next.js API routes. Covers API design, database queries, caching, authentication, error handling, and background jobs, with examples that separate business rules from data access.

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Patrones de arquitectura backend, diseño de API, optimización de base de datos y buenas prácticas del lado del servidor para Node.js, Express y rutas API de Next.js.

Works withSupabaseRedis
AI rating90/ 100See how to install

Good for

  • Designing APIs and separating server responsibilities
  • Reducing unnecessary database queries
  • Adding caching and background jobs
  • Organizing authentication and error handling

Overview

What it does

backend-patterns provides patterns for designing and implementing server-side processing. It covers API URLs and query conditions, along with an architecture that places data access and business rules in separate layers. Examples also address excessive database queries, caching with Redis, authentication and permission checks, input validation, error handling, background processing, and structured logs.

When it helps

Use it when developing APIs with Node.js or Express, or API routes in Next.js. It offers a starting point for reviewing the structure when too much processing is concentrated in an API and the code becomes hard to follow. It also helps when you want to reduce wasted work in data retrieval. The approach is to select patterns according to the complexity of the application.

Example requests

  • “Separate this API's data access from its business logic.”
  • “Replace the repeated queries in this list retrieval with a batch fetch.”
  • “Organize authentication, permission checks, and error responses.”

Notes

Code examples use Supabase, Redis, jsonwebtoken, and other tools. The environment you need depends on the examples you adopt. For production API rate limiting, the guidance calls for shared storage or infrastructure mechanisms instead of relying on counters held in each process's memory.

This overview was written by AI (OpenAI Codex) from the public SKILL.md. Check the original below for the exact behavior.

Objective evaluation

AI rated this skill on four points using only the contents of its SKILL.md. Stars and popularity are not taken into account.

Clear instructionsIs it clear when to use it and what it does?
AGoodIt lists application scenarios and patterns, including API design, layer separation, and query optimization.
Concrete stepsAre steps, inputs, outputs, and examples spelled out?
AGoodCode examples cover API URLs, layer separation, batch fetching, Redis caching, and error responses.
SafetyAre sending data, deleting files, and running commands disclosed?
AGoodData updates and cache deletion appear as code examples, with no instructions to execute them in a live environment.
Easy setupDoes it need few tools or API keys, and are they documented?
BPartly lackingExamples use Supabase and Redis, but connection configuration and installation steps are not provided.

The total counts each point as A = 25, B = 15, C = 5. Rated by AI (OpenAI Codex) as of Oct 19, 2026. Treat it as a guide and read the original before installing.

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SKILL.md (original)

Review the instructions the agent will receive before you install.

Patrones de Desarrollo Backend

Patrones de arquitectura backend y buenas prácticas para aplicaciones del lado del servidor escalables.

Cuándo Activar

  • Diseñar endpoints de API REST o GraphQL
  • Implementar capas de repositorio, servicio o controlador
  • Optimizar consultas de base de datos (N+1, indexación, connection pooling)
  • Agregar caché (Redis, en memoria, headers de caché HTTP)
  • Configurar trabajos en segundo plano o procesamiento asíncrono
  • Estructurar manejo de errores y validación para APIs
  • Construir middleware (auth, logging, rate limiting)

Patrones de Diseño de API

Estructura de API RESTful

// PASS: URLs basadas en recursos
GET    /api/markets                 # Listar recursos
GET    /api/markets/:id             # Obtener recurso individual
POST   /api/markets                 # Crear recurso
PUT    /api/markets/:id             # Reemplazar recurso
PATCH  /api/markets/:id             # Actualizar recurso
DELETE /api/markets/:id             # Eliminar recurso

// PASS: Parámetros de consulta para filtrado, ordenamiento, paginación
GET /api/markets?status=active&sort=volume&limit=20&offset=0

Patrón Repository

// Abstraer la lógica de acceso a datos
interface MarketRepository {
  findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): Promise<Market[]>
  findById(id: string): Promise<Market | null>
  create(data: CreateMarketDto): Promise<Market>
  update(id: string, data: UpdateMarketDto): Promise<Market>
  delete(id: string): Promise<void>
}

class SupabaseMarketRepository implements MarketRepository {
  async findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): Promise<Market[]> {
    let query = supabase.from('markets').select('*')

    if (filters?.status) {
      query = query.eq('status', filters.status)
    }

    if (filters?.limit) {
      query = query.limit(filters.limit)
    }

    const { data, error } = await query

    if (error) throw new Error(error.message)
    return data
  }

  // Otros métodos...
}

Patrón de Capa de Servicio

// Lógica de negocio separada del acceso a datos
class MarketService {
  constructor(private marketRepo: MarketRepository) {}

  async searchMarkets(query: string, limit: number = 10): Promise<Market[]> {
    // Lógica de negocio
    const embedding = await generateEmbedding(query)
    const results = await this.vectorSearch(embedding, limit)

    // Obtener datos completos
    const markets = await this.marketRepo.findByIds(results.map(r => r.id))

    // Ordenar por similitud
    return markets.sort((a, b) => {
      const scoreA = results.find(r => r.id === a.id)?.score || 0
      const scoreB = results.find(r => r.id === b.id)?.score || 0
      return scoreA - scoreB
    })
  }

  private async vectorSearch(embedding: number[], limit: number) {
    // Implementación de búsqueda vectorial
  }
}

Patrón Middleware

// Pipeline de procesamiento de request/response
export function withAuth(handler: NextApiHandler): NextApiHandler {
  return async (req, res) => {
    const token = req.headers.authorization?.replace('Bearer ', '')

    if (!token) {
      return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Unauthorized' })
    }

    try {
      const user = await verifyToken(token)
      req.user = user
      return handler(req, res)
    } catch (error) {
      return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' })
    }
  }
}

// Uso
export default withAuth(async (req, res) => {
  // El handler tiene acceso a req.user
})

Patrones de Base de Datos

Optimización de Consultas

// PASS: BIEN: Seleccionar solo las columnas necesarias
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('markets')
  .select('id, name, status, volume')
  .eq('status', 'active')
  .order('volume', { ascending: false })
  .limit(10)

// FAIL: MAL: Seleccionar todo
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('markets')
  .select('*')

Prevención de Problema N+1

// FAIL: MAL: Problema de consulta N+1
const markets = await getMarkets()
for (const market of markets) {
  market.creator = await getUser(market.creator_id)  // N consultas
}

// PASS: BIEN: Obtención en lote
const markets = await getMarkets()
const creatorIds = markets.map(m => m.creator_id)
const creators = await getUsers(creatorIds)  // 1 consulta
const creatorMap = new Map(creators.map(c => [c.id, c]))

markets.forEach(market => {
  market.creator = creatorMap.get(market.creator_id)
})

Patrón de Transacción

async function createMarketWithPosition(
  marketData: CreateMarketDto,
  positionData: CreatePositionDto
) {
  // Usar transacción de Supabase
  const { data, error } = await supabase.rpc('create_market_with_position', {
    market_data: marketData,
    position_data: positionData
  })

  if (error) throw new Error('Transaction failed')
  return data
}

// Función SQL en Supabase
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION create_market_with_position(
  market_data jsonb,
  position_data jsonb
)
RETURNS jsonb
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
BEGIN
  -- La transacción comienza automáticamente
  INSERT INTO markets VALUES (market_data);
  INSERT INTO positions VALUES (position_data);
  RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', true);
EXCEPTION
  WHEN OTHERS THEN
    -- El rollback ocurre automáticamente
    RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', false, 'error', SQLERRM);
END;
$$;

Estrategias de Caché

Capa de Caché con Redis

class CachedMarketRepository implements MarketRepository {
  constructor(
    private baseRepo: MarketRepository,
    private redis: RedisClient
  ) {}

  async findById(id: string): Promise<Market | null> {
    // Verificar caché primero
    const cached = await this.redis.get(`market:${id}`)

    if (cached) {
      return JSON.parse(cached)
    }

    // Cache miss - obtener de base de datos
    const market = await this.baseRepo.findById(id)

    if (market) {
      // Cachear por 5 minutos
      await this.redis.setex(`market:${id}`, 300, JSON.stringify(market))
    }

    return market
  }

  async invalidateCache(id: string): Promise<void> {
    await this.redis.del(`market:${id}`)
  }
}

Patrón Cache-Aside

async function getMarketWithCache(id: string): Promise<Market> {
  const cacheKey = `market:${id}`

  // Intentar caché
  const cached = await redis.get(cacheKey)
  if (cached) return JSON.parse(cached)

  // Cache miss - obtener de DB
  const market = await db.markets.findUnique({ where: { id } })

  if (!market) throw new Error('Market not found')

  // Actualizar caché
  await redis.setex(cacheKey, 300, JSON.stringify(market))

  return market
}

Patrones de Manejo de Errores

Manejador de Errores Centralizado

class ApiError extends Error {
  constructor(
    public statusCode: number,
    public message: string,
    public isOperational = true
  ) {
    super(message)
    Object.setPrototypeOf(this, ApiError.prototype)
  }
}

export function errorHandler(error: unknown, req: Request): Response {
  if (error instanceof ApiError) {
    return NextResponse.json({
      success: false,
      error: error.message
    }, { status: error.statusCode })
  }

  if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
    return NextResponse.json({
      success: false,
      error: 'Validation failed',
      details: error.errors
    }, { status: 400 })
  }

  // Registrar errores inesperados
  console.error('Unexpected error:', error)

  return NextResponse.json({
    success: false,
    error: 'Internal server error'
  }, { status: 500 })
}

// Uso
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  try {
    const data = await fetchData()
    return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data })
  } catch (error) {
    return errorHandler(error, request)
  }
}

Reintentos con Backoff Exponencial

async function fetchWithRetry<T>(
  fn: () => Promise<T>,
  maxRetries = 3
): Promise<T> {
  let lastError: Error

  for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
    try {
      return await fn()
    } catch (error) {
      lastError = error as Error

      if (i < maxRetries - 1) {
        // Backoff exponencial: 1s, 2s, 4s
        const delay = Math.pow(2, i) * 1000
        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay))
      }
    }
  }

  throw lastError!
}

// Uso
const data = await fetchWithRetry(() => fetchFromAPI())

Autenticación y Autorización

Validación de Token JWT

import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken'

interface JWTPayload {
  userId: string
  email: string
  role: 'admin' | 'user'
}

export function verifyToken(token: string): JWTPayload {
  try {
    const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!) as JWTPayload
    return payload
  } catch (error) {
    throw new ApiError(401, 'Invalid token')
  }
}

export async function requireAuth(request: Request) {
  const token = request.headers.get('authorization')?.replace('Bearer ', '')

  if (!token) {
    throw new ApiError(401, 'Missing authorization token')
  }

  return verifyToken(token)
}

// Uso en ruta API
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const user = await requireAuth(request)

  const data = await getDataForUser(user.userId)

  return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data })
}

Control de Acceso Basado en Roles

type Permission = 'read' | 'write' | 'delete' | 'admin'

interface User {
  id: string
  role: 'admin' | 'moderator' | 'user'
}

const rolePermissions: Record<User['role'], Permission[]> = {
  admin: ['read', 'write', 'delete', 'admin'],
  moderator: ['read', 'write', 'delete'],
  user: ['read', 'write']
}

export function hasPermission(user: User, permission: Permission): boolean {
  return rolePermissions[user.role].includes(permission)
}

export function requirePermission(permission: Permission) {
  return (handler: (request: Request, user: User) => Promise<Response>) => {
    return async (request: Request) => {
      const user = await requireAuth(request)

      if (!hasPermission(user, permission)) {
        throw new ApiError(403, 'Insufficient permissions')
      }

      return handler(request, user)
    }
  }
}

// Uso - HOF envuelve el handler
export const DELETE = requirePermission('delete')(
  async (request: Request, user: User) => {
    // El handler recibe el usuario autenticado con permiso verificado
    return new Response('Deleted', { status: 200 })
  }
)

Rate Limiting

El rate limiting debe usar un almacén compartido como Redis, un gateway, o el limitador nativo de la plataforma. No usar contadores en memoria por proceso para APIs de producción: se reinician al desplegarse, se dividen entre réplicas y fallan abiertamente en entornos serverless o multi-instancia.

Mantener la capa backend responsable de elegir el punto de integración y la forma del error; usar api-design para el contrato HTTP y security-review para la revisión de casos de abuso.

Trabajos en Segundo Plano y Colas

Patrón de Cola Simple

class JobQueue<T> {
  private queue: T[] = []
  private processing = false

  async add(job: T): Promise<void> {
    this.queue.push(job)

    if (!this.processing) {
      this.process()
    }
  }

  private async process(): Promise<void> {
    this.processing = true

    while (this.queue.length > 0) {
      const job = this.queue.shift()!

      try {
        await this.execute(job)
      } catch (error) {
        console.error('Job failed:', error)
      }
    }

    this.processing = false
  }

  private async execute(job: T): Promise<void> {
    // Lógica de ejecución del trabajo
  }
}

// Uso para indexar markets
interface IndexJob {
  marketId: string
}

const indexQueue = new JobQueue<IndexJob>()

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const { marketId } = await request.json()

  // Agregar a la cola en lugar de bloquear
  await indexQueue.add({ marketId })

  return NextResponse.json({ success: true, message: 'Job queued' })
}

Logging y Monitoreo

Logging Estructurado

interface LogContext {
  userId?: string
  requestId?: string
  method?: string
  path?: string
  [key: string]: unknown
}

class Logger {
  log(level: 'info' | 'warn' | 'error', message: string, context?: LogContext) {
    const entry = {
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
      level,
      message,
      ...context
    }

    console.log(JSON.stringify(entry))
  }

  info(message: string, context?: LogContext) {
    this.log('info', message, context)
  }

  warn(message: string, context?: LogContext) {
    this.log('warn', message, context)
  }

  error(message: string, error: Error, context?: LogContext) {
    this.log('error', message, {
      ...context,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack
    })
  }
}

const logger = new Logger()

// Uso
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const requestId = crypto.randomUUID()

  logger.info('Fetching markets', {
    requestId,
    method: 'GET',
    path: '/api/markets'
  })

  try {
    const markets = await fetchMarkets()
    return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data: markets })
  } catch (error) {
    logger.error('Failed to fetch markets', error as Error, { requestId })
    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Internal error' }, { status: 500 })
  }
}

Recuerda: Los patrones backend permiten aplicaciones del lado del servidor escalables y mantenibles. Elige los patrones que se ajusten a tu nivel de complejidad.

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