PostgreSQL indexing: B-tree, GIN, GiST, composite, partial, covering, CONCURRENTLY, bloat detection.
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Diseñar, crear y mantener índices en Postgres 15+ en contexto multi-tenant Educabot.
| Usar | NO usar |
|---|---|
| Queries lentas con Seq Scan en tablas grandes | Tablas <10k rows (Seq Scan suele ganar) |
| Schema nuevo: planificar índices | Booleans/enums baja cardinalidad (usar partial) |
| Revisión periódica: faltantes/no usados | Alta write, pocas reads |
| Bloat, REINDEX necesario | Full-text search → /search-setup |
Multi-tenant: tenant_id primera columna composite | Query puntual lenta → /query-optimization |
B-tree (default, 95% de casos), GIN (arrays/jsonb/tsvector), GiST (geo/ranges), BRIN (tablas enormes ordenadas), Partial (filtro en definición), Covering/INCLUDE, Expression.
→ Read references/index-types.md for detailed type comparison table and JSONB indexing guide
WHERE con alta selectividad (>100 rows devueltos dilute beneficio)JOIN (especialmente FKs)ORDER BY / GROUP BY frecuentesUNIQUEUn índice (a, b, c) sirve para a, a,b, a,b,c — NO para b, c, o b,c solos (leftmost prefix).
Orden de columnas: igualdad primero (tenant_id =) → rango después (created_at >) → ORDER BY al final.
Obligatorio en tablas grandes: no bloquea writes. No puede correr dentro de transacción — separar en su propia migration. Si falla queda índice INVALID → detectar con pg_index WHERE NOT indisvalid → DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY.
Consultar pg_stat_user_tables donde seq_scan > idx_scan AND n_live_tup > 10000. Luego revisar queries reales con pg_stat_statements.
Consultar pg_stat_user_indexes donde idx_scan = 0 tras 1 mes de observación. DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY. Excepción: índices únicos que respaldan constraints.
Postgres no crea índice automático en columnas FK. Sin índice cada DELETE/UPDATE en parent hace seq scan de child. Siempre crear índice en child FK.
Verificar con EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS). Planes esperables: Index Scan, Index Only Scan (ideal), Bitmap Heap Scan. Si Seq Scan → índice no se usa. Ver /query-optimization.
B-tree se bloatea con updates/deletes. Monitorear con pgstattuple. Reparar: REINDEX INDEX CONCURRENTLY o pg_repack. Agendar trimestral para índices calientes.
Todo índice compuesto debe empezar por tenant_id para que RLS y queries filtradas lo aprovechen. Patrón: (tenant_id, student_id, period_id).
→ Read references/anti-patterns.md for 12 common indexing anti-patterns
→ Read references/checklists.md for pre-creation checklist (11 items) and periodic maintenance checklist (5 items)
/query-optimization — análisis de query lenta puntual/search-setup — full-text search (tsvector, GIN)/data-migrations — migraciones sin downtime, separación CONCURRENTLY/db-diagram — diagramar schemaNo reviews yet. Tell others what you thought.
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