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api

RESTful API design patterns and best practices. Use when creating endpoints, designing APIs, or implementing routes.

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SKILL.md (original)

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API 开发技能

本技能提供 RESTful API 开发的最佳实践和模式。

触发条件

  • 创建 API 端点
  • 设计 REST API
  • 实现后端路由
  • 处理请求/响应
  • API 版本控制

RESTful 设计原则

URL 设计

# 资源命名 - 使用名词复数
GET    /api/v1/users           # 获取用户列表
GET    /api/v1/users/:id       # 获取单个用户
POST   /api/v1/users           # 创建用户
PUT    /api/v1/users/:id       # 更新用户(完整替换)
PATCH  /api/v1/users/:id       # 更新用户(部分更新)
DELETE /api/v1/users/:id       # 删除用户

# 嵌套资源
GET    /api/v1/users/:id/orders           # 用户的订单
GET    /api/v1/users/:id/orders/:orderId  # 用户的特定订单

# 动作资源
POST   /api/v1/users/:id/activate         # 激活用户
POST   /api/v1/orders/:id/cancel          # 取消订单

HTTP 方法语义

方法语义幂等安全
GET读取资源✅✅
POST创建资源❌❌
PUT完整更新✅❌
PATCH部分更新❌❌
DELETE删除资源✅❌

统一响应格式

成功响应

// 单个资源
{
  "success": true,
  "data": {
    "id": "123",
    "name": "张三",
    "email": "zhangsan@example.com"
  }
}

// 列表资源
{
  "success": true,
  "data": [
    { "id": "1", "name": "用户1" },
    { "id": "2", "name": "用户2" }
  ],
  "pagination": {
    "page": 1,
    "pageSize": 20,
    "total": 100,
    "totalPages": 5
  }
}

// 创建成功
{
  "success": true,
  "data": { "id": "123", ... },
  "message": "创建成功"
}

错误响应

{
  "success": false,
  "error": {
    "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
    "message": "请求参数无效",
    "details": [
      { "field": "email", "message": "邮箱格式不正确" },
      { "field": "age", "message": "年龄必须大于 0" }
    ]
  }
}

API 路由实现

各框架的完整 CRUD 路由实现:

详见 Next.js API Patterns - App Router + Zod 验证 + 认证授权

详见 FastAPI Patterns - Pydantic 模型 + 异步路由

详见 Express.js Patterns - express-validator + 中间件

查询参数处理

分页

interface PaginationParams {
  page?: number;
  pageSize?: number;
  cursor?: string; // 游标分页
}

// 偏移分页
const { page = 1, pageSize = 20 } = query;
const skip = (page - 1) * pageSize;

// 游标分页(大数据量推荐)
const { cursor, pageSize = 20 } = query;
const where = cursor ? { id: { gt: cursor } } : {};

排序

// ?sort=createdAt:desc,name:asc
const sortParam = query.sort as string;
const orderBy = sortParam?.split(",").map((s) => {
  const [field, order] = s.split(":");
  return { [field]: order || "asc" };
}) || [{ createdAt: "desc" }];

筛选

// ?status=active&role=admin
const { status, role } = query;
const where = {
  ...(status && { status }),
  ...(role && { role }),
};

搜索

// ?q=keyword
const { q } = query;
const where = q
  ? {
      OR: [
        { name: { contains: q, mode: "insensitive" } },
        { email: { contains: q, mode: "insensitive" } },
      ],
    }
  : {};

API 版本控制

URL 路径版本

/api/v1/users
/api/v2/users

请求头版本

Accept: application/vnd.api+json; version=1

版本控制实现

详见 Next.js API Patterns

认证与授权

JWT 认证中间件和权限检查的完整实现详见 Next.js API Patterns

HTTP 状态码

状态码含义使用场景
200OK成功获取/更新
201Created成功创建
204No Content成功删除
400Bad Request请求参数错误
401Unauthorized未认证
403Forbidden无权限
404Not Found资源不存在
409Conflict资源冲突
422Unprocessable Entity业务逻辑错误
429Too Many Requests请求过多
500Internal Server Error服务器错误

最佳实践

  1. 使用名词复数 - /users 而非 /user
  2. HTTP 方法语义 - GET 读取,POST 创建,PUT/PATCH 更新
  3. 统一响应格式 - success、data、error、pagination
  4. 输入验证 - 使用 Zod/Pydantic 验证
  5. 错误处理 - 返回有意义的错误码和消息
  6. 版本控制 - /api/v1/
  7. 分页 - 列表接口必须分页
  8. HATEOAS - 可选,返回相关链接
  9. 文档 - OpenAPI/Swagger 文档
  10. 幂等性 - PUT、DELETE 保持幂等

记住: API 设计的核心是一致性——统一的 URL 结构、响应格式、错误处理,让调用方可预测。

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