Container Scanning

Scan container images for vulnerabilities and security misconfigurations.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Building container images
• Implementing container security gates
• Scanning registry images
• Meeting compliance requirements
• Hardening container deployments

Prerequisites

• Container runtime (Docker, Podman)
• Container images to scan
• Scanning tool installation

Tool Comparison

Tool	License	Speed	Features
Trivy	OSS	Fast	Comprehensive, IaC
Grype	OSS	Fast	Accurate, SBOM
Clair	OSS	Medium	Registry integration
Snyk Container	Commercial	Fast	Fix suggestions
Docker Scout	Commercial	Fast	GitHub integration

Trivy

Installation

# Linux
curl -sfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/trivy/main/contrib/install.sh | sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin

# macOS
brew install trivy

# Docker
docker pull aquasec/trivy

Image Scanning

# Scan local image
trivy image myapp:latest

# Scan remote image
trivy image nginx:1.25

# JSON output
trivy image --format json -o results.json myapp:latest

# Filter by severity
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL myapp:latest

# Ignore unfixed vulnerabilities
trivy image --ignore-unfixed myapp:latest

# Exit code on vulnerability
trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL myapp:latest

Filesystem Scanning

# Scan project directory
trivy fs /path/to/project

# Scan Dockerfile
trivy config Dockerfile

# Scan Kubernetes manifests
trivy config k8s/

Configuration

# trivy.yaml
timeout: 10m
severity:
  - HIGH
  - CRITICAL
ignore-unfixed: true
exit-code: 1

vulnerability:
  type:
    - os
    - library

scan:
  file-patterns:
    - "Dockerfile"
    - "*.yaml"

CI Integration

# GitHub Actions
name: Container Security

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:

jobs:
  scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build image
        run: docker build -t myapp:${{ github.sha }} .

      - name: Run Trivy
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: 'myapp:${{ github.sha }}'
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-results.sarif'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'
          exit-code: '1'

      - name: Upload results
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        with:
          sarif_file: 'trivy-results.sarif'

Grype

Installation

# Linux/macOS
curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anchore/grype/main/install.sh | sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin

# Homebrew
brew install grype

Usage

# Scan image
grype myapp:latest

# Scan from SBOM
grype sbom:./sbom.json

# JSON output
grype myapp:latest -o json > results.json

# Filter severity
grype myapp:latest --fail-on high

# Scan directory
grype dir:/path/to/project

Configuration

# .grype.yaml
check-for-app-update: false
fail-on-severity: high
output: "json"
scope: "Squashed"

ignore:
  - vulnerability: CVE-2023-12345
    reason: "False positive"
    expires: "2024-12-31"

Docker Scout

Usage

# Enable Docker Scout
docker scout quickview myapp:latest

# Full CVE report
docker scout cves myapp:latest

# Compare images
docker scout compare myapp:v1 myapp:v2

# Recommendations
docker scout recommendations myapp:latest

CI Integration

- name: Docker Scout
  uses: docker/scout-action@v1
  with:
    command: cves
    image: ${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
    sarif-file: scout-results.sarif
    summary: true

Registry Integration

Amazon ECR

# Enable scan on push
aws ecr put-image-scanning-configuration \
  --repository-name myapp \
  --image-scanning-configuration scanOnPush=true

# Get scan findings
aws ecr describe-image-scan-findings \
  --repository-name myapp \
  --image-id imageTag=latest

# Start manual scan
aws ecr start-image-scan \
  --repository-name myapp \
  --image-id imageTag=latest

Azure ACR

# Enable Defender for Containers
az security pricing create \
  --name Containers \
  --tier Standard

# View scan results in Azure Portal or:
az acr repository show \
  --name myregistry \
  --image myapp:latest

Google Artifact Registry

# Enable vulnerability scanning
gcloud artifacts repositories update myrepo \
  --location=us-central1 \
  --enable-vulnerability-scanning

# View vulnerabilities
gcloud artifacts docker images describe \
  us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/project/myrepo/myapp:latest \
  --show-package-vulnerability

Admission Controllers

OPA Gatekeeper

apiVersion: templates.gatekeeper.sh/v1beta1
kind: ConstraintTemplate
metadata:
  name: k8sallowedrepos
spec:
  crd:
    spec:
      names:
        kind: K8sAllowedRepos
      validation:
        openAPIV3Schema:
          properties:
            repos:
              type: array
              items:
                type: string
  targets:
    - target: admission.k8s.gatekeeper.sh
      rego: |
        package k8sallowedrepos
        
        violation[{"msg": msg}] {
          container := input.review.object.spec.containers[_]
          satisfied := [good | repo = input.parameters.repos[_]; good = startswith(container.image, repo)]
          not any(satisfied)
          msg := sprintf("container <%v> has an invalid image repo <%v>", [container.name, container.image])
        }

Kyverno

apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
kind: ClusterPolicy
metadata:
  name: require-image-scan
spec:
  validationFailureAction: enforce
  rules:
    - name: check-vulnerabilities
      match:
        resources:
          kinds:
            - Pod
      verifyImages:
        - image: "*"
          attestations:
            - predicateType: cosign.sigstore.dev/attestation/vuln/v1
              conditions:
                - all:
                    - key: "{{ scanner.result.summary.criticalCount }}"
                      operator: Equals
                      value: "0"

Scanning Policies

Policy Definition

# scan-policy.yaml
policies:
  - name: critical-vulnerabilities
    description: Block images with critical CVEs
    severity: CRITICAL
    action: block
    
  - name: high-vulnerabilities
    description: Warn on high severity CVEs
    severity: HIGH
    action: warn
    max_count: 5
    
  - name: age-policy
    description: Block images older than 30 days
    max_age_days: 30
    action: block
    
  - name: base-image
    description: Only allow approved base images
    allowed_bases:
      - alpine:3.18
      - ubuntu:22.04
      - python:3.11-slim

Common Issues

Issue: False Positives

Problem: Scanner reports non-exploitable vulnerabilities Solution: Use ignore files, validate with context

Issue: Slow Scans

Problem: Scanning takes too long Solution: Use caching, scan incrementally, optimize image layers

Issue: Unfixed Vulnerabilities

Problem: No patch available for CVE Solution: Update base image, implement compensating controls

Best Practices

• Scan in CI/CD pipeline
• Use minimal base images (Alpine, distroless)
• Update base images regularly
• Implement admission control
• Track vulnerabilities over time
• Set severity thresholds
• Document accepted risks
• Use multi-stage builds

Related Skills

• docker-management - Container basics
• container-hardening - Security hardening
• kubernetes-hardening - K8s security