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Rust Code Style

These rules apply to the Rust tool workspaces: the dev-dist tools, BT and the Air UI-lane tooling. The spec of a workspace is community/build/rust-tools/README.md. It names the files, the Bazel targets and the checks that every workspace has. This skill holds the idioms.

First, find the audience

A tool has one of two audiences. The audience picks the error model and the command line grammar.

	Action tool	Person- or agent-facing CLI
Writes the command line	Bazel, in an action	a person, an agent or a script
Examples	the packer, the collector, the composer, the descriptor writer	bt, vm
Error model	anyhow, ERROR: {e:#}, a nonzero exit	a typed Refusal with a stable code and exit
Command line	the cli crate, --key=value	clap derive
Crate closure	pinned in closure.txt	not pinned

Bazel reads only "nonzero" from an action tool. A person or an agent branches on the exit code and on the refusal code.

1. Two error models

An action tool returns anyhow::Result from every function and prints the chain once. main.rs stays thin:

fn main() -> ExitCode {
    ExitCode::from(run(std::env::args_os().skip(1), &mut std::io::stdout(), &mut std::io::stderr()))
}

run calls the tool and passes an error to cli::report, which prints ERROR: {error:#}. Each tool keeps its own exit codes. bins/runtime-layout/src/main.rs of the dev-dist tools shows the shape.

A person- or agent-facing CLI answers a Refusal { code, message, exit, details }. The code is the stable half that a caller automates against. The shared crate community/tools/bt/crates/refusal holds the type, with the details as JSON text. Its type parameter is the exit vocabulary, so each tool keeps its own exit codes: bt uses u8 with the codes 0 to 6 of community/tools/bt/crates/bt-core/src/exit.rs, and the Air UI-lane controller uses avl_base::Exit. A tool that converts a refusal of another tool maps the exit by its meaning, never by its number.

2. Two command line grammars

Bazel writes the argv of an action tool, so the tool reads it with the cli crate. The crate has no dependency, and it refuses every other form with one text. community/build/dev-dist-tools/crates/cli/API.md lists the refusals.

let mut options = cli::parse(args)?;
let output = options.require("--output")?;
let parts = options.take_all("--part")?;
options.finish()?; // refuses an option that the tool did not take

A person- or agent-facing CLI uses clap derive: help, environment variables, suggestions and -- passthrough. community/tools/bt/bins/bt/src/options.rs is the example. Use no third grammar and no hand-written argument loop.

3. Format

• The width is 140 columns, as in the root .editorconfig. The synced rustfmt.toml of each workspace sets it.
• Run cargo fmt in the workspace directory before every commit.
• Format a whole workspace in its own commit, without other changes.

4. Lints

• Every crate follows the shared table: [lints] workspace = true in its Cargo.toml. The crate macro fails without it.
• A site exception is #[expect(lint, reason = "...")], never #[allow]. An expectation that stops firing fails the build, so a stale exception shows.
• clippy.toml bans fs::canonicalize and the tempfile calls that fail past MAX_PATH on Windows. A site that needs a banned call states why:

#[expect(
    clippy::disallowed_methods,
    reason = "the parent resolves the expected directory with the same call, so both sides agree on /private on macOS"
)]

5. Errors in libraries

• Use anyhow in a library too. Use io::Result only where a caller branches on the ErrorKind, as fscopy does.
• A refusal names the refused input: the file, the line, the field or the value.
• Add the path as context at the I/O call: .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", path.display())).
• A test pins the whole chain with format!("{error:#}"). A test that checks a kind uses error.downcast_ref::<io::Error>().

6. Types

• Use an enum where a Go port used flags or a struct of options. A match then covers every case.
• Use Path and PathBuf for every host path. Use str only for a slash-form path inside a distribution or a jar. distpath validates such a path once, at the input boundary.
• Write pub(crate) inside a binary. The unreachable_pub lint is on.
• Keep main.rs thin: parse, call, report. The work lives in modules that the tests call directly.

7. Crates

• A crate exists when two binaries share it, or when it is the frozen-bytes engine of one binary with its own goldens. Code that one binary uses lives in that binary.
• An action tool pins its crate closure in closure.txt, such as community/build/dev-dist-tools/bins/content-module-packer/closure.txt. A change to any crate in the closure reruns every action of the tool, so <bin>_closure_test makes each new crate a visible choice.
• Prefer a maintained crate to own code. The exception is a crate that would re-key an action tool, when about 30 lines replace it. State the reason in one sentence of the doc comment:

/// It is written by hand, because a crate dependency in the packer re-keys every packing action when the crate changes.
pub(crate) fn is_versioned_module_info(name: &str) -> bool {

• Support the subset: a tool accepts only the input that the repository produces. It refuses all other input with an error that names the input. The API.md of the crate lists each refusal.

8. Tests

• <module>.rs ends with #[cfg(test)] mod tests;, and the tests live in <module>/tests.rs. The tests of lib.rs or main.rs live in src/tests.rs. There is no mod.rs: mod_module_files is on.
• The process-level tests of a binary live in tests/cli.rs. The run-time CARGO_BIN_EXE_<name> gives the binary. Under Bazel the path is relative, so make it absolute before the test changes the directory.
• Shared test helpers live in a dev-only testkit crate. Shipped code never depends on it.
• A test finds testdata/ through one lookup: the variable that the crate macro sets under Bazel, such as DDT_TESTDATA_DIR, and the run-time CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR under cargo. The rules_rust process wrapper refuses env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"). A file that include_str! reads is compile_data of the crate.
• Never edit a golden by hand. Regenerate it with the update path of its test.
• The Windows check is the clippy-windows-* targets of the workspace and the cross-target cargo clippy below.

9. Docs

• The README.md of a workspace holds the crate map and the gates.
• The API.md of a crate under the subset rule holds the supported subset and a refusal table.
• A doc comment documents a declaration. The rationale of a change goes in the commit message or an ADR, not in a comment.

10. Versions

• A requirement names the current full version, such as serde = "1.0.229". Cargo reads it as a caret requirement.
• Cargo.lock is the pin, and rules_rs reads it.
• To stay current, run cargo update, raise the requirements to the locked versions, and refresh the hub.

Refresh a crate hub

community/MODULE.bazel generates @ddt and @bt from the workspace Cargo.toml and Cargo.lock. After a change of Cargo.lock, update the Bazel lockfiles of both roots. For the dev-dist tools:

cd community && ./bazel.cmd build --nobuild --lockfile_mode=update //build/dev-dist-tools/...
cd .. && ./bazel.cmd build --nobuild --lockfile_mode=update @community//build/dev-dist-tools/... //build/dev-dist-tools/...

For BT, use //tools/bt/... and @community//tools/bt/.... The extension watches only the workspace Cargo.toml and Cargo.lock. A dependency that moves between [dev-dependencies] and [dependencies] of a member leaves the lock unchanged. Then touch the workspace Cargo.toml, for example with a comment line, and run the commands again.

The gates

Run them before a commit, in addition to the gates of the workspace README:

cargo fmt --check && cargo clippy --all-targets      # in the workspace directory
bun community/build/rust-tools/sync.mjs --check
cd community && ./bazel.cmd test //build/dev-dist-tools/... //tools/bt/... //build/rust-tools/...
RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP=1 cargo clippy -Zbuild-std=std,panic_abort --target x86_64-pc-windows-msvc --workspace --all-targets

From the ultimate root, also run ./bazel.cmd test @community//build/dev-dist-tools/... //build/dev-dist-tools/.... The clippy tests of a community crate run only from community/, because the clippy aspect skips a target of an external repository.

Where things live

What	Where
The spec of a workspace, the checks, how a workspace joins	community/build/rust-tools/README.md
The lint, format and clippy sources, and sync.mjs	community/build/rust-tools/
The Bazel macro core: rust_tool_crate, optimized_binary, windows_clippy_tests	community/build/rust-tools/defs.bzl
The dev-dist tools: crate map, gates, agent rules	community/build/dev-dist-tools/README.md and AGENTS.md
BT	community/tools/bt/README.md
The Air UI-lane tooling: crate map, gates, agent rules	community/tools/vm/README.md and AGENTS.md