Auditing MCP Servers for Tool Poisoning
Authorized-use-only notice: Auditing MCP servers can connect to and probe live tool endpoints. Only scan servers you own or are authorized to assess. Treat scanned tool descriptions as untrusted input — do not load an unaudited MCP server into a privileged agent. Probing third-party MCP endpoints for SSRF or auth weaknesses without permission may be illegal.
Overview
The Model Context Protocol (MCP) lets AI agents discover and call external tools advertised by MCP servers. Each tool exposes a name and a natural-language description that the agent's LLM reads before deciding to call it. In early 2025, Invariant Labs disclosed that this description field is an attack surface: a malicious server can embed hidden instructions in a tool's description (a tool poisoning attack, OWASP MCP03:2025), and a capable model will silently follow them — exfiltrating files, leaking secrets, or redirecting tool calls — while returning a normal-looking response to the user. Because tool descriptions are loaded into the agent's context, tool poisoning is effectively indirect prompt injection delivered through the supply chain (MITRE ATLAS AML.T0010 ML Supply Chain Compromise).
Beyond poisoning, MCP servers introduce classic infrastructure risks: tool shadowing (a malicious server overrides a trusted tool's behavior), rug pulls (a tool's description changes after the user approved it), toxic flows (a combination of tools that enables data exfiltration), SSRF in tools that fetch URLs server-side, and unauthenticated exposure of MCP servers bound to network interfaces. This skill audits MCP servers end-to-end using Invariant Labs' mcp-scan for static and runtime analysis, plus manual checks for SSRF and authentication, and tool pinning to catch rug pulls.
When to Use
- Before adding a new MCP server to an agent stack (Claude Desktop, Cursor, VS Code, Windsurf, custom agents).
- During a security review of an internally developed MCP server.
- When validating that approved tools have not silently changed (rug-pull detection).
- As a CI/CD gate that scans MCP configs and SKILL/tool definitions on every change.
- During incident response when an agent took unexpected actions consistent with a poisoned tool.
Prerequisites
- Python 3.10+ and
uv (for uvx), or pip.
- The MCP config file(s) you want to scan (e.g.
~/.cursor/mcp.json, ~/.vscode/mcp.json, Claude Desktop config).
- Install the tooling:
# uv provides uvx (recommended runner for mcp-scan)
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh # or: pipx install uv
# mcp-scan (Invariant Labs) — no global install needed with uvx
uvx mcp-scan@latest --help
# For the runtime proxy mode (separate extra)
uvx --with "mcp-scan[proxy]" mcp-scan@latest proxy --help
# Manual probing helpers
pip install requests mcp
Objectives
- Statically scan all installed MCP servers for tool poisoning, shadowing, rug pulls, and toxic flows.
- Inspect raw tool/prompt/resource descriptions for hidden or obfuscated instructions.
- Pin tool hashes to detect post-approval description changes (rug-pull defense).
- Test URL-fetching tools for server-side request forgery (SSRF).
- Verify MCP servers are authenticated and not exposed on untrusted interfaces.
- Optionally enforce runtime guardrails with the mcp-scan proxy.
MITRE ATT&CK Mapping
| ID | Official Name | Relevance |
|---|
| AML.T0010 | ML Supply Chain Compromise | A poisoned third-party MCP server is a supply-chain compromise of the agent |
| AML.T0051.001 | LLM Prompt Injection: Indirect | Poisoned tool descriptions are indirect injection into the agent context |
| AML.T0053 | LLM Plugin Compromise | MCP tools are the agent's plugins; poisoning compromises them |
| AML.T0057 | LLM Data Leakage | Common payload of a poisoned tool: exfiltrate files/secrets |
Workflow
1. Static scan of installed MCP configs
mcp-scan auto-discovers known config locations; you can also pass a path explicitly.
# Scan all auto-discovered MCP configs
uvx mcp-scan@latest
# Scan a specific config file
uvx mcp-scan@latest ~/.vscode/mcp.json
# Emit machine-readable JSON for CI
uvx mcp-scan@latest --json ~/.cursor/mcp.json > mcp_scan_report.json
mcp-scan flags tool poisoning, tool shadowing, cross-origin escalation, rug pulls, and toxic flows.
2. Inspect raw tool descriptions
Print every tool/prompt/resource description without verification, then read them for hidden instructions, <important>-style blocks, or imperative text aimed at the model.
uvx mcp-scan@latest inspect ~/.cursor/mcp.json
Look for red flags: instructions to the assistant ("do not tell the user", "read ~/.ssh/id_rsa"), nested fake documentation, zero-width/Unicode-smuggled text, or directives to call other tools.
3. Pin tool hashes to detect rug pulls
mcp-scan tracks tool description hashes so a later silent change is flagged. Run scans on a schedule; a hash mismatch on a previously approved tool indicates a rug pull.
# Re-run regularly; mcp-scan reports changed tool hashes since last approval
uvx mcp-scan@latest ~/.cursor/mcp.json
4. Enumerate tools programmatically and audit metadata
Connect to the server with the official MCP SDK and inspect the advertised schema directly.
# enumerate_tools.py (stdio MCP server example)
import asyncio
from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client
async def main():
params = StdioServerParameters(command="node", args=["./suspect-mcp-server.js"])
async with stdio_client(params) as (read, write):
async with ClientSession(read, write) as session:
await session.initialize()
tools = await session.list_tools()
for t in tools.tools:
print(f"{t.name}: {len(t.description or '')} chars")
print((t.description or "")[:400])
asyncio.run(main())
5. Test URL-fetching tools for SSRF
If a tool accepts a URL and fetches it server-side, attempt to reach internal metadata/loopback targets (only on systems you own).
# ssrf_probe.py
import asyncio
from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client
SSRF_TARGETS = [
"http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/", # AWS IMDS
"http://127.0.0.1:22/", "http://localhost:6379/", "file:///etc/passwd",
]
async def main():
params = StdioServerParameters(command="node", args=["./suspect-mcp-server.js"])
async with stdio_client(params) as (r, w):
async with ClientSession(r, w) as s:
await s.initialize()
for url in SSRF_TARGETS:
res = await s.call_tool("fetch_url", {"url": url})
body = str(res.content)[:200]
print(f"[SSRF?] {url} -> {body}")
asyncio.run(main())
6. Verify authentication and network exposure
Check that remote MCP servers (HTTP/SSE transport) require authentication and are not bound to 0.0.0.0 on untrusted networks.
# Confirm whether an SSE/HTTP MCP endpoint responds without credentials
curl -s -i http://mcp-host:8000/sse | head -n 20
# Check listening interfaces of a locally running MCP server
ss -tlnp | grep -E ':(8000|3000|6277)'
An MCP endpoint that returns tool listings or accepts tools/call without auth is unauthenticated exposure — remediate with a token/OAuth and bind to localhost or an authenticated gateway.
7. Enforce runtime guardrails (optional)
For continuous protection, route agent MCP traffic through the mcp-scan proxy, which checks tool calls, data-flow constraints, PII, and indirect injection in real time.
uvx --with "mcp-scan[proxy]" mcp-scan@latest proxy
8. Report findings
Document each finding with server, tool, evidence (the poisoned description / SSRF response / unauth listing), severity, and ATLAS mapping. Recommend removing or sandboxing poisoned servers, adding auth, pinning approved tools, and enabling the proxy.
Tools and Resources
MCP Threat Reference
| Threat | Description | Detection |
|---|
| Tool poisoning | Hidden instructions in tool description | mcp-scan scan / inspect |
| Tool shadowing | Malicious server overrides trusted tool | mcp-scan cross-origin checks |
| Rug pull | Description changes after approval | mcp-scan tool pinning (hash) |
| Toxic flow | Tool combo enabling exfiltration | mcp-scan toxic-flow analysis |
| SSRF | URL-fetch tool reaches internal targets | ssrf_probe against owned server |
| Unauth exposure | MCP endpoint with no auth | curl/ss interface and auth check |
Validation Criteria