Framer Motion — Declarative React Animation

Framer Motion is a production-ready animation library for React. Simple declarative API, powerful layout animations, gestures, and server-side rendering support.

Version: 12.40.0
Package: framer-motion
License: MIT

Installation

npm install framer-motion
# or
yarn add framer-motion
# or
pnpm add framer-motion

Core Concepts

1. The motion Component

Every HTML/SVG element becomes animatable by prefixing with motion.:

import { motion } from "framer-motion"

<motion.div
  animate={{ x: 100, opacity: 1 }}
  initial={{ x: 0, opacity: 0 }}
  transition={{ duration: 0.5 }}
/>

2. AnimatePresence (Exit Animations)

Wrap components that conditionally render to animate their removal:

import { AnimatePresence, motion } from "framer-motion"

<AnimatePresence>
  {isVisible && (
    <motion.div
      initial={{ opacity: 0, scale: 0.8 }}
      animate={{ opacity: 1, scale: 1 }}
      exit={{ opacity: 0, scale: 0.8 }}
      transition={{ duration: 0.3 }}
    >
      Content
    </motion.div>
  )}
</AnimatePresence>

3. Variants (Reusable Animation States)

Define named animation states for cleaner code:

const variants = {
  hidden: { opacity: 0, y: 20 },
  visible: { opacity: 1, y: 0 },
  exit: { opacity: 0, y: -20 }
}

<motion.div
  variants={variants}
  initial="hidden"
  animate="visible"
  exit="exit"
/>

4. Gestures (Hover, Tap, Drag)

<motion.button
  whileHover={{ scale: 1.05 }}
  whileTap={{ scale: 0.95 }}
  transition={{ type: "spring", stiffness: 400, damping: 17 }}
>
  Click Me
</motion.button>

<motion.div
  drag
  dragConstraints={{ left: 0, right: 300, top: 0, bottom: 300 }}
  whileDrag={{ scale: 1.1, boxShadow: "0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.2)" }}
/>

5. Layout Animations

Automatically animate layout changes:

<motion.div layout>
  {/* Content that changes size/position */}
</motion.div>

// Shared layout animation (morphing between elements)
<motion.div layoutId="shared-element">
  {selected ? <ExpandedView /> : <CompactView />}
</motion.div>

6. Scroll-Triggered Animations

import { useScroll, useTransform, motion } from "framer-motion"

function ParallaxSection() {
  const { scrollYProgress } = useScroll()
  const scale = useTransform(scrollYProgress, [0, 1], [0.8, 1])
  const opacity = useTransform(scrollYProgress, [0, 0.5, 1], [0, 1, 1])

  return <motion.div style={{ scale, opacity }}>Content</motion.div>
}

// Scroll-linked progress bar
function ProgressBar() {
  const { scrollYProgress } = useScroll()
  return <motion.div style={{ scaleX: scrollYProgress, transformOrigin: "left" }} />
}

7. whileInView (Intersection Observer)

Animate elements when they enter the viewport:

<motion.div
  initial={{ opacity: 0, y: 40 }}
  whileInView={{ opacity: 1, y: 0 }}
  viewport={{ once: true, margin: "-50px" }}
  transition={{ duration: 0.6 }}
>
  Appears on scroll
</motion.div>

Common Patterns

Staggered Children

const container = {
  hidden: { opacity: 0 },
  visible: {
    opacity: 1,
    transition: { staggerChildren: 0.1, delayChildren: 0.2 }
  }
}

const item = {
  hidden: { opacity: 0, y: 20 },
  visible: { opacity: 1, y: 0 }
}

<motion.ul variants={container} initial="hidden" animate="visible">
  {items.map(item => (
    <motion.li key={item.id} variants={item}>{item.text}</motion.li>
  ))}
</motion.ul>

Page Transitions (Next.js / React Router)

// With Next.js App Router (template.tsx)
import { motion } from "framer-motion"

export default function Template({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <motion.div
      initial={{ opacity: 0, y: 20 }}
      animate={{ opacity: 1, y: 0 }}
      exit={{ opacity: 0, y: -20 }}
      transition={{ duration: 0.3 }}
    >
      {children}
    </motion.div>
  )
}

Spring Physics

Spring animations feel more natural than duration-based:

<motion.div
  animate={{ x: 100 }}
  transition={{
    type: "spring",
    stiffness: 100,   // Spring strength (default: 100)
    damping: 10,      // Resistance (default: 10)
    mass: 1,          // Object weight (default: 1)
    bounce: 0.25      // Bounciness (0-1)
  }}
/>

// Preset springs
transition={{ type: "spring", stiffness: 300, damping: 30 }} // Snappy
transition={{ type: "spring", stiffness: 50, damping: 20 }}  // Bouncy

Keyframes

<motion.div
  animate={{
    x: [0, 100, 50, 100, 0],
    scale: [1, 1.2, 0.9, 1.1, 1],
    rotate: [0, 0, 270, 270, 0]
  }}
  transition={{ duration: 2, repeat: Infinity }}
/>

Performance Optimization

1. Use layout="position" Instead of layout

When only position changes (not size):

<motion.div layout="position" />

2. useReducedMotion

Respect accessibility preferences:

import { useReducedMotion } from "framer-motion"

const shouldReduceMotion = useReducedMotion()

<motion.div
  animate={shouldReduceMotion ? {} : { x: 100 }}
  transition={{ duration: 0.5 }}
/>

3. Hardware-Accelerated Properties Only

Animate only transform and opacity for 60fps:

• ✅ x, y, scale, rotate, opacity
• ❌ width, height, top, left, backgroundColor

4. Lazy Motion (Tree Shaking)

import { m } from "framer-motion"  // Smaller bundle

// Use m.div instead of motion.div
<m.div animate={{ opacity: 1 }} />

5. will-change Hint

<motion.div style={{ willChange: "transform" }} />

Best Practices

1. Wrap all animations in <AnimatePresence> for proper exit animations
2. Use variants for reusable animation states across components
3. Prefer spring over duration-based transitions for natural feel
4. Set viewport={{ once: true }} on scroll animations to avoid re-triggering
5. Always provide exit prop when using conditional rendering
6. Test with prefers-reduced-motion for accessibility
7. Use layoutId for shared element transitions between pages
8. Keep animations between 150-400ms for UI feedback

Debugging

// Visualize layout animations
<motion.div layout layoutRoot />

// Log animation lifecycle
<motion.div
  onAnimationStart={() => console.log("started")}
  onAnimationComplete={() => console.log("completed")}
/>

Common Gotchas

Issue	Fix
Layout animation jitter	Add layoutId to animating elements
Exit animation not playing	Wrap with <AnimatePresence>
Children not staggering	Put staggerChildren on container's transition
Transform origin off	Set style={{ originX: 0.5, originY: 0.5 }}
Hover state flickering	Use whileHover not CSS :hover

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