「cover」の検索結果

Mendelian randomization (MR) causal inference — does an exposure, risk factor, or biomarker CAUSALLY affect a disease/outcome, using genetic variants as instrumental variables (IEU OpenGWAS / EpiGraphDB MR-EvE). Use this whenever the user asks if X causes Y, whether an observational association is actually causal or just correlation, if a biomarker/trait is a causal risk factor, wants to triangulate epidemiology against genetic evidence, or mentions Mendelian randomization, instrumental-variable analysis, two-sample MR, or genetic causal evidence — even if they never say "MR" (e.g. "is LDL cholesterol actually causal for heart disease?", "does BMI cause type 2 diabetes or just correlate?", "is CRP a causal driver of stroke?"). Covers trait-label resolution, MR effect direction/magnitude, instrument quality (MOE score), method agreement (IVW vs MR-Egger vs weighted median), bidirectional MR for reverse causation, and distinguishing causation from genetic correlation. Not for plain GWAS association lookups (use the GWAS skills) or fitting your own instruments from raw summary statistics.

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Build circular genome visualizations using circlize (R), pyCirclize (Python), or Circos (Perl CLI) with ideogram tracks, multi-data tracks (scatter, histogram, heatmap), chord/link arcs for interactions, and explicit circos.clear() between plots. Covers when circular is appropriate vs when Cartesian wins (Cleveland-McGill 1984), karyograms, and chromosome adjacency in chord diagrams. Use when adjacency on the circle conveys meaning — chromosome-level overview, structural variants, Hi-C interactions, cross-genome comparisons.

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Select colormaps and qualitative palettes for scientific figures using perceptual-uniformity, color-vision-deficiency safety, and luminance-monotonicity criteria. Covers Crameri scientific colormaps, viridis/cividis/magma, Okabe-Ito categorical, ColorBrewer, and the rainbow/jet critique. Use when choosing palettes for heatmaps, scatter, networks, or any encoding where color carries quantitative or categorical meaning.

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Architectures and techniques for neural operators on discontinuous PDE solutions (shocks, contact discontinuities, steep gradients). Covers local-global spectral design (ShockFNO), reflection padding for non-periodic BCs, resolution scaling for shock width, and frequency-band error diagnostics. Use for low-viscosity Burgers, compressible Euler, Riemann problems, or any PDE where standard FNO produces Gibbs oscillations.

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Prepares statistical reports for clinical trials following CONSORT 2025, SPIRIT 2025, ICH E9(R1) estimands, and FDA 2023 covariate adjustment guidance. Covers Table 1 generation, analysis populations (ITT/FAS/PP/Safety), the 5 ICH E9(R1) intercurrent-event strategies, MMRM under MAR (mmrm), reference-based MI (rbmi J2R/CR/CIR), Permutt tipping-point sensitivity, and Rubin's-rules vs frequentist variance debate. Use when preparing regulatory submissions, defining estimands, or implementing missing-data sensitivity analyses.

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Designs adaptive clinical trials including group-sequential (O'Brien-Fleming, Pocock, Lan-DeMets spending), sample-size re-estimation (blinded Friede-Kieser, unblinded Cui-Hung-Wang, Mehta-Pocock promising zone), seamless Phase 2/3 with treatment-arm selection, population enrichment, and response-adaptive randomisation. Covers FDA 2019 Final Adaptive Designs Guidance, FDA 2022 Master Protocols, and ICH E20 Step 2b/3 draft (June 2025, NOT final). Use when planning interim analyses, sample-size re-estimation, or master/platform-trial designs.

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Designs Bayesian clinical trials including Phase I dose-finding (BOIN, CRM, EWOC, mTPI-2), meta-analytic-predictive (MAP) priors with robust mixtures for external data borrowing, EXNEX for basket trials, hierarchical models for safety AE (Berry-Berry), Bayesian platform trials (I-SPY 2, GBM AGILE, REMAP-CAP), and posterior probability stopping rules. Covers FDA Bayesian Devices Guidance (2010), FDA Bayesian Methodology in Drugs Draft (January 2026), BOIN Fit-for-Purpose qualification (December 2021), and Project Optimus dose-optimisation. Use when designing dose-finding studies, platform trials, or sensitivity analyses with informative priors.

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Implements multiplicity control for confirmatory clinical trials using graphical procedures (Bretz-Maurer-Hommel), gatekeeping (parallel, serial, mixed), Hochberg/Hommel/Holm with PRDS, and the closed-testing principle (Marcus-Peritz-Gabriel; Goeman 2021 admissibility). Covers FDA Multiple Endpoints Final Guidance (October 2022), graphical procedures via R gMCP, primary + key-secondary + subgroup hierarchies, and FWER vs FDR distinction. Use when designing the multiplicity strategy for confirmatory trials with multiple primary or key secondary endpoints.

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Reads, validates, and prepares CDISC SDTM and ADaM clinical trial data for analysis. Covers SDTM domain joins (DM, AE, EX, VS, LB, DS), ADaM architecture (ADSL, BDS, OCCDS, ADTTE) with traceability, treatment-emergent AE conventions, baseline derivation, SUPPQUAL/NSV handling, Define-XML 2.1, and Pinnacle 21 / CORE validation. Use when working with clinical trial datasets in CDISC SDTM/ADaM format, preparing analysis-ready data, or validating for regulatory submission.

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Performs subgroup and heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) analyses for clinical trials. Covers Mantel-Haenszel pooling, Breslow-Day, interaction tests in regression, RERI for additive interaction, modern data-adaptive HTE methods (STEPP, SIDES, causal forests, X/R-learners), Bayesian shrinkage (Dixon-Simon, MAP, EXNEX), graphical multiplicity (Bretz-Maurer), and credibility frameworks (Sun BMJ, EMA 2019). Use when analyzing treatment effects across patient subgroups for regulatory submissions or precision-medicine claims.

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Calculates statistical power for high-dimensional genomics experiments (bulk RNA-seq, scRNA-seq, ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq, methylation, proteomics) under negative-binomial count models using RNASeqPower, PROPER, and simulation via powsimR, distinguishing per-gene from marginal (transcriptome-wide) power, the role of mean expression and dispersion, and the sequencing-depth-versus-replicate tradeoff. Covers simulation as the honest default for overdispersed counts, FDR-aware average power versus single-test power, observed/post-hoc power as an anti-pattern, and the winner's-curse / Type-S / Type-M consequences of underpowering. Use when planning replicate number for a sequencing experiment, deciding whether to add depth or samples, choosing closed-form versus simulation power, estimating power from pilot dispersions, or justifying replication in a grant. For clinical-trial power see clinical-biostatistics/power-and-sample-size; for the inverse sample-size question see experimental-design/sample-size.

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Estimates the minimum biological replicates (or cells/events) for a target power at a target FDR in genomics experiments using ssizeRNA, PROPER, powsimR for scRNA-seq, and pilot-data dispersion estimation from DESeq2/edgeR. Covers the biological-versus-technical replication distinction (technical replicates do not add degrees of freedom for biological inference), replicate-number-versus-sequencing-depth budgeting, scRNA-seq sample-versus-cell allocation under a pseudobulk model, and the critique that "n=3" is a publication convention rather than a power calculation. Use when budgeting a sequencing experiment, writing the sample-size justification in a grant, estimating replicates from pilot data, allocating a fixed budget between samples and depth, or planning scRNA-seq cohort size. For clinical-trial sample size see clinical-biostatistics/power-and-sample-size; for the power-given-n direction see experimental-design/power-analysis.

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Compress large language models using knowledge distillation from teacher to student models. Use when deploying smaller models with retained performance, transferring GPT-4 capabilities to open-source models, or reducing inference costs. Covers temperature scaling, soft targets, reverse KLD, logit distillation, and MiniLLM training strategies.

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Train Mixture of Experts (MoE) models using DeepSpeed or HuggingFace. Use when training large-scale models with limited compute (5× cost reduction vs dense models), implementing sparse architectures like Mixtral 8x7B or DeepSeek-V3, or scaling model capacity without proportional compute increase. Covers MoE architectures, routing mechanisms, load balancing, expert parallelism, and inference optimization.

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Training patterns for autoregressive neural PDE solvers (FNO, DeepONet, CNO). Covers rollout training, noise injection for stability, multi-component loss functions (H1, frequency-sensitive, boundary-aware), per-channel normalization for coupled multi-variable systems, and the PDEBench nRMSE metric. Use when training any neural operator that predicts time-dependent PDE solutions.

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Merge multiple fine-tuned models using mergekit to combine capabilities without retraining. Use when creating specialized models by blending domain-specific expertise (math + coding + chat), improving performance beyond single models, or experimenting rapidly with model variants. Covers SLERP, TIES-Merging, DARE, Task Arithmetic, linear merging, and production deployment strategies.

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Cost modeling and ROI analysis for specialized LLM development. Use when deciding whether to train a custom model, estimating total cost, or calculating break-even vs frontier APIs. Covers training costs, inference costs, and time-to-ROI projections.

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Reduce LLM size and accelerate inference using pruning techniques like Wanda and SparseGPT. Use when compressing models without retraining, achieving 50% sparsity with minimal accuracy loss, or enabling faster inference on hardware accelerators. Covers unstructured pruning, structured pruning, N:M sparsity, magnitude pruning, and one-shot methods.

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Rigorous methodology for evaluating ML models on established benchmarks. Covers proper train/val/test splits, baseline verification from original papers, exact metric formula discrepancies, data-leak detection checklist, multi-seed robustness, and honest reporting templates. Use when claiming to beat published baselines, writing methods papers, or auditing existing results.

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Build training datasets for LLM specialization from production data, frontier model distillation, and synthetic bootstrapping. Use when formatting production logs into SFT data, distilling from frontier APIs, or preparing data for fine-tuning. Covers JSONL formatting, data quality validation, deduplication, and train/eval splitting.

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End-to-end spatial transcriptomics workflow for Visium/Xenium data. Covers data loading, preprocessing, spatial analysis, domain detection, and visualization with Squidpy. Use when analyzing spatial transcriptomics data.

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End-to-end single-cell RNA-seq workflow from 10X Genomics data to annotated cell types. Covers QC, normalization, clustering, marker detection, and cell type annotation. Use when analyzing single-cell RNA-seq data.

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Selects biomarker features from high-dimensional omics data using Boruta all-relevant selection, mRMR, LASSO/elastic-net, and stability selection, while controlling the leakage, irreproducibility, and correlated-feature traps that make most published signatures fail to replicate. Use when identifying candidate biomarkers, deciding between an all-relevant and a minimal-optimal selector, or judging whether a selected gene set is reproducible. For unbiased performance estimation of the resulting model see machine-learning/model-validation; for interpreting a trained model see machine-learning/prediction-explanation.

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Validates predictive models on omics and biomedical data with nested cross-validation, group/batch/temporal-aware splits, the full data-leakage taxonomy, probability calibration, decision-curve net benefit, optimism correction, sample-size planning, and TRIPOD+AI reporting. Use when estimating model performance honestly, choosing a CV scheme, detecting leakage, or judging whether reported discrimination means the model is actually useful. For feature selection itself see machine-learning/biomarker-discovery; for confirmatory-trial inference see clinical-biostatistics/trial-reporting.

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