Frontend Design

This skill guides creation of distinctive, production-grade frontend interfaces. Implement real working code with strong product judgment, excellent accessibility, and a clear visual point of view.

The user may ask for a component, page, full app, dashboard, marketing surface, or restyle. Before coding, understand the audience and pick a direction that fits the product instead of defaulting to generic SaaS polish.

Design Thinking

Before coding, decide:

• Purpose: What workflow does this surface make easier? What does the user need to understand, decide, or do next?
• Audience: Who will use it repeatedly, and what should feel fast, calm, playful, premium, editorial, technical, or utilitarian?
• Tone: Choose a concrete aesthetic direction: refined minimal, dense operations console, editorial, playful, industrial, warm handmade, high-contrast data tool, etc.
• Information hierarchy: What must be visible to orient and act, and what can wait until context or intent makes it relevant?
• Differentiation: What makes this feel designed for this exact domain?

Then implement working code that is cohesive, accessible, responsive, and polished in small details: typography, spacing, motion, empty states, loading states, focus states, and error states. Polish means removing copy, not writing more of it.

Visual Direction Contract

Before styling a new app or workspace surface, define its product mode, audience, visual world, palette family, type treatment, composition, shape language, and anti-references in DESIGN.md. Read references/visual-direction.md for the direction families and review vocabulary. This is the Impeccable-inspired design contract for Agent-Native apps: understand the product, name the mode, deal a few coherent directions, commit to one, and audit the result instead of averaging back to a starter.

Preserve an existing brand system and component library. When no brand exists, choose a deliberate direction based on the domain and compare sibling apps before selecting its accent family. Shared behavior and semantic token names should stay consistent; palette, density, composition, type contrast, and shape language should not be identical by default.

Interaction Responsiveness

Use the Nielsen response-time limits, Google RAIL, and the Doherty threshold as product defaults:

• Make every interaction produce visible feedback immediately, targeting a response within 100 ms so it feels instantaneous. Keep input handling under 50 ms where possible so the browser can paint that response in time.
• If the operation cannot finish within 100 ms, show local or optimistic state, a focused loading/progress state, or a clear working state before then and no later than 400 ms. Never wait for a network round-trip before acknowledging the interaction; reconcile success or roll back on failure.
• Keep ordinary view and navigation changes within 1 second. Work that takes longer needs visible progress and an interruption or cancellation path when the operation supports one.

Default Surface Density

This is the most repeated correction in this repo, tracked as text-heavy-ui in node scripts/agent-friction-report.mjs. Every item below has been asked for by name more than once, usually right after a previous surface was corrected for the same thing. So treat the list as the default shape you apply, not a tradeoff you weigh per surface. If the user wants one of these, they will ask.

Density comes from data, not from prose. Linear, Vercel, and ChatGPT/Codex are dense — with rows, values, and state, and almost no explanatory sentences. That is the target: a surface full of information and nearly empty of narration. So "make it minimal" is never satisfied by removing data or by burying it behind extra clicks, and never blocked by deleting a sentence.

Keep on-screen text and badging minimal: show the shortest label needed for the next action, remove decorative or duplicate status chips, and put context in a tooltip or progressive disclosure when it is not needed to decide.

Do not add, unless asked:

• A page title that repeats the nav item or route the user just clicked, or a breadcrumb on a page that already has a back arrow.
• A description, subtitle, tagline, or eyebrow under any title — page, card, panel, tab, dialog, settings group, or list row. A surface gets a title or a description, never both.
• A count, stat, or summary strip over content already on screen: "11 apps", "25 results", "0 signals · 0 decisions · 0 runs".
• An About, help, or "what this does" section in settings.
• Helper text under each option in a chooser. The option label carries it.
• A placeholder that restates its own label.

The explanation goes in a tooltip, a Manage popover, a menu, or nowhere. Settings use one shape: a compact row with the label and its current state, one action on the right, and Manage revealing the form once something is configured. Do not spell every input out on the default surface.

Chrome is not content. These rules govern strings you write into JSX. A description the user typed and the app stored is data — render it, and render nothing when it is empty. Never add a || "No description yet." fallback; an empty field is empty, not an opening to explain the feature.

The Shape That Got Approved

A multi-step connect flow the user accepted on 2026-08-12, after rejecting a dense dialog of the same content as "HORRIBLE ... overwhelming":

• Full-screen takeover rather than a crowded modal. Generous empty space is fine.
• One question per step as the heading ("Who should use this?"), at most one short line under it, and nothing under the options.
• Choices are single-line rows — icon plus label — with the common one preselected, so the happy path is one click.
• "Step 2 of 2" and a thin progress bar instead of every field at once.
• Advanced and rare detail behind a labeled collapsed row ("Advanced details", "App grants"): label only, no preview of the contents.
• Current state shown rather than explained: "Dispatch can reuse this account".
• Quiet Cancel on the left, primary action on the right.

Use that same treatment for sibling flows. When the user points at another surface — "like forms", "like the integrations grid" — copy that surface's structure instead of inventing a second language for the same job. templates/forms/ is the reference implementation: no page title, no breadcrumbs, no eyebrows, no card descriptions, and row subtext only where it renders a user-authored field.

Before shipping, verify collapsed, expanded, loading, empty, error, and narrow-width states. The default state fails review when its first viewport carries explanatory paragraphs, several unrelated forms, or controls for another task. guard:no-default-chrome checks the structural half of this on lines your branch adds; it cannot see a sentence you wrote, so the list above is still yours to apply.

Aesthetic Guidelines

• Typography: Use the product's existing type system first. For SaaS and operational apps, make a clear sans-serif hierarchy the default; reserve a serif or editorial face for a deliberate content preview or brand moment, not the whole application shell.
• Color and theme: Use semantic tokens and CSS variables. Avoid one-note palettes, default warm beige/terracotta, and default purple/blue gradients unless the brand demands them. New apps should choose a product-fitting accent family rather than inherit the previous app's color.
• Motion: Prefer purposeful transitions and small state changes. Use CSS transitions/keyframes unless the app already uses a motion library. Never transition-all — list the properties that actually change (e.g. transition-[opacity,transform]). Use the shared easing tokens defined in packages/core/src/styles/agent-native.css instead of hand-typing curves: var(--ease-drawer) (260ms, drawers/app chrome), var(--ease-collapse) (200ms, expand/collapse), var(--ease-out-strong) (snappy entrances) — in Tailwind, ease-[var(--ease-collapse)]. Enter/exit with ease-out, never ease-in. Overlays that zoom in must set the Radix origin var (e.g. origin-[--radix-popover-content-transform-origin]). Animate transform/opacity, not width/height/padding/box-shadow. Gate looping or large-movement animations with motion-reduce:. Command palettes and keyboard-triggered actions get no animation.
• Composition: Match the workflow. Operational apps should be dense and scannable; marketing or portfolio pages can be more immersive.
• Visual assets: Websites, games, and object-focused pages need real or generated media when images help users understand the subject.
• Responsive fit: Text must not overflow buttons, cards, tabs, sidebars, or fixed-format tools. Use stable dimensions for boards, grids, toolbars, and counters.

Beat convergence, not just defaults. You sample toward the "on-distribution" center, so naming what to avoid is not enough: every "don't" needs a "do", or you converge on the next safe option. Commit to one named direction, pair any reference with the reason it fits, and match implementation effort to the vision. If the brief is open, consider two or three coherent visual worlds, then commit to one instead of averaging them. When building on an existing app, inspect its tokens/type/components first and treat any drift back to a default as a missing token to pin, not something to re-prompt.

Agent-Native UI Rules

• Agent-Native apps use React and Vite. The default adapter uses Tailwind CSS, shadcn/ui, and @tabler/icons-react, but an app may register a different company design system in app/design-system.ts.
• Use the app's design-system seam for standard UI. Inspect app/design-system.ts, ToolkitProvider, and the local UI adapter directory before choosing a primitive. Use shadcn primitives when they are the active adapter; use the registered company components when they are not.
• When touching shadcn/ui components, also read shadcn-ui if it exists. That skill covers components.json, CLI docs, component composition, theming, and registry workflows.
• Check app/components/ui/ before importing a shadcn component. If a primitive is missing, add it from the app root with pnpm dlx shadcn@latest add <component>, then review the generated file.
• Pages, routes, and domain components must import controls through the app's local adapter path, usually @/components/ui/*. Never import @agent-native/toolkit/ui/* directly in app product code.
• Toolkit/Core feature presentation flows through the semantic components from @agent-native/toolkit/design-system. Their props express intent, emphasis, size, controlled values, and behavior; they do not require Tailwind, CVA, or className.
• For deeper feature customization, consume the feature-level headless controller through its product render slot. The same controller must power the default and custom views. Eject the smallest supported unit only after tokens, semantic components, controllers, and slots are insufficient.
• Do not build custom dropdowns, menus, popovers, modals, or confirmations with manual absolute positioning and click-outside effects.
• Never use browser dialogs (window.alert, window.confirm, window.prompt). Use AlertDialog, Dialog, or app-specific confirmation UI.
• Use Tabler icons for all first-party UI icons. Do not add Lucide, Heroicons, inline SVG icon sets, or emoji icons.
• Never guess a Tabler icon name. Names like IconPartyPopper or IconConfettiCannon feel plausible but don't exist and crash Vite with a "Named export not found" error. Before importing an icon you haven't used elsewhere in this app, confirm it exists by grepping node_modules/@tabler/icons-react/dist/tabler-icons-react.d.ts (or the package's icon list) for the exact name, and pick the closest real match if your first guess isn't there.
• Keep inline help/info glyphs next to labels at size-3 (12px) or smaller than the adjacent text. Preserve a larger hit area on the trigger, not the glyph. Use guard:allow-large-help-icon only for deliberate heading documentation or menu action exceptions.
• Use useActionQuery and useActionMutation from @agent-native/core/client for action-backed UI. Standard CRUD should go through actions, not custom /api/ routes.
• Keep UI optimistic where possible: update cache and navigation immediately, then reconcile or roll back on mutation result.
• Custom styles belong in Tailwind classes, component CSS, or the existing global CSS theme file; avoid inline styles.

Agent Surface And Page Boundaries

• Treat the domain UI and the agent as two coordinated surfaces. The domain page should make the repeatable job fast; the agent should handle judgment, exploration, and actions that benefit from conversation.
• Keep domain work on a named domain route such as /automations, /block, or /workflow. Preserve the starter's full-page chat route (/ or /chat/*) when it exists; do not replace it with a domain form while leaving the shell configured as if it were chat.
• Use the persistent right AgentSidebar for contextual AI. A button that sends work to sendToAgentChat must open or focus that sidebar and leave the user on the current domain surface. Use full-page chat for chat-first work, not as a hidden transport for a domain button.
• Keep the left navigation domain-specific. A page called Automations, Block time, or Create deck should not be nested under a generic Chat item; Chat is its own destination and the right rail is the contextual assistant.
• Never use sparkle, wand, magic, robot, or similar decorative AI icons. Use a familiar message, assistant, or neutral action icon, and let the button copy explain the intent. An icon-only control needs a tooltip and accessible name.
• Give the persistent agent drawer a quiet but intentional boundary: a subtle surface shift, divider, or both. The sidebar and domain page should not read as one undifferentiated slab, and the treatment should remain calm when the drawer opens or closes.
• Treat an AI-labeled button as a contract. Buttons named Ask agent, Review with agent, Refine, Generate with AI, or similar must call sendToAgentChat with bounded context, openSidebar: true, and the intended submit mode. A deterministic local action is useful, but label it local, preview, or analyze rather than implying it invoked an agent.

Product Surface Review

Before shipping a new app or a substantial redesign, review the surface as an operator would use it repeatedly:

• Count the sentences in the first viewport. If any of them explains the UI rather than reporting state, delete it. "Could a user identify where they are?" is a question every surface passes; a sentence count is not.
• Remove competing or redundant elements, then place optional inputs, provider choices, diagnostics, long explanations, and secondary actions where they remain discoverable without crowding the current task.
• Match the composition to the workflow. Use a focused page or step flow when the work is sequential; use an overview when comparing or monitoring several things is genuinely the job. Preserve the user's progress in either case.
• Remove generic hero copy, feature tours, repeated helper text, nested cards, status-chip soup, and decorative AI treatment before adding more styling.
• For review flows, choose stacking, side-by-side comparison, or another composition based on content length, scanability, and the user's comparison task.
• Compare the result with sibling apps. Shared toolkit behavior should feel consistent, but a repeated palette, hero composition, type pairing, and radius language without a product reason is visual drift, not consistency.
• Check the result with realistic content at the target desktop width and a narrow width. If it feels like documentation instead of a tool, subtract until it does not — restyling it is not the fix.

shadcn/ui Design Rules

• Use built-in component variants first (variant, size) before overriding classes.
• Use semantic tokens (bg-background, text-muted-foreground, border-border, bg-primary) instead of raw Tailwind colors for app chrome and reusable components.
• Use gap-* in flex/grid layouts instead of space-x-* or space-y-*.
• Use size-* when width and height are equal, and truncate instead of spelling out overflow/ellipsis/nowrap.
• Use cn() from the local utils alias for conditional classes.
• Dialog, Sheet, Drawer, and AlertDialog content must have an accessible title. Use sr-only only when the visible design already communicates the title.
• Put menu/list items inside their group primitives: SelectGroup, DropdownMenuGroup, CommandGroup, and equivalents.
• Compose cards from CardHeader, CardTitle, CardContent, and CardFooter. Do not add CardDescription, and do not hand-roll a muted <p> under a CardTitle — a card gets a title or a description, never both.
• Use ToggleGroup for small option sets, Switch for binary settings, Checkbox for multi-select, RadioGroup for one-of-many, and Slider/inputs for numeric values.
• For forms, prefer the app's existing shadcn form pattern. If newer Field, FieldGroup, or InputGroup primitives are installed or appropriate to add, use them instead of raw layout divs.
• Page and section data loading uses layout-matching Skeleton geometry. Do not show generic "Loading..." text for content loads; reserve Spinner for brief mutations, uploads, and progress actions. Use the app's existing loading primitive when it is a genuine design-system adapter. Empty states should communicate the state and offer the appropriate next step or small set of choices.

Anti-Patterns

Avoid patterns that add visual noise, obscure state, or compete with the user's task without a clear product reason:

• Generic AI aesthetics: purple gradients, glassy cards everywhere, vague sparkle language, decorative blobs, and context-free hero sections.
• Custom reimplementations of shadcn primitives.
• Raw color overrides on shared components when semantic tokens or variants would work.
• New always-visible controls for rare actions when a contextual surface would preserve discoverability and reduce noise.
• Full-width banners, persistent helper rows, decorative cards, or explanatory chrome for status that could be communicated more clearly with less weight.
• Dropping a label, focus state, hit target, accessible name, or recovery path in the name of minimalism. Defer complexity freely; never defer the ability to operate the control.
• UI cards nested inside other cards.
• Text or icons that resize or shift fixed-format UI on hover/loading.

Verification

Match verification effort to the size of the change. For one component, one form, one page, or a restyle, run the app's existing checks — formatter, pnpm typecheck, existing tests — and stop there.

Escalate to browser verification only when the user asks for it, or when the change is a multi-step user-visible flow that cannot be confirmed any other way. Never author a new Playwright/Puppeteer script, add a browser-automation dependency, or stand up an e2e harness to check work the user did not ask you to test that way; use an available browser tool, or say what you could not verify.

For substantial frontend work:

1. Run the relevant formatter/checks.
2. Start the dev server when the app needs one.
3. Verify with the available browser tooling at desktop and mobile widths.
4. Check interactive states: hover, focus, loading, empty, error, and destructive confirmations.
5. When registering or changing a company adapter, run @agent-native/toolkit/conformance, including mixed-overlay focus, portalContainer, and z-index stacking checks.
6. For a new app or a visual redesign, review DESIGN.md against the rendered surface and run the anti-slop audit in references/visual-direction.md.

Related Skills

• shadcn-ui — shadcn CLI, component docs, composition rules, theming, and registries
• customizing-agent-native — Design-system registration, feature controllers, product slots, conformance, and ejection
• self-modifying-code — The agent can edit source code to apply design changes
• storing-data — All data lives in SQL; use actions for data access
• actions — useActionQuery/useActionMutation hooks for frontend data fetching