Particle Systems in Godot 4.3+

All examples target Godot 4.3+ with no deprecated APIs. GDScript is shown first, then C#.

Related skills: shader-basics for custom particle shaders, 3d-essentials for lighting and environment that affect particles, 2d-essentials for 2D rendering context, tween-animation for code-driven VFX timing, godot-optimization for particle performance tuning.

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1. Core Concepts

GPU vs CPU Particles

Node	Processing	Features	Use For
GPUParticles2D	GPU	Full features, high counts, trails	Most 2D effects
GPUParticles3D	GPU	Full features, attractors, collision	Most 3D effects
CPUParticles2D	CPU	Simpler, no trails/attractors	Low-end devices, few particles
CPUParticles3D	CPU	Simpler, no trails/attractors	Low-end devices, few particles

Rule of thumb: Use GPU particles by default. Switch to CPU particles only for low-end/web targets or when you need CPU-side particle positions (e.g., spawning objects at particle locations).

You can convert between GPU and CPU particles in the editor: select the node → toolbar → Convert to CPUParticles2D/3D (or vice versa).

Particle System Architecture

GPUParticles2D/3D
├── Process Material (ParticleProcessMaterial)   ← physics, emission, color
├── Draw Pass 1 (Mesh)                            ← what each particle looks like
└── (Optional) Draw Pass 2-4                      ← additional meshes

Minimal Setup

1. Add a GPUParticles2D (or 3D) node
2. In Inspector → Process Material → New ParticleProcessMaterial
3. Set Amount (number of particles)
4. Configure emission, direction, velocity, gravity
5. (2D) Set Texture for particle appearance
6. (3D) Set Draw Pass 1 mesh (QuadMesh for billboards, or custom mesh)

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2. Key Node Properties

GPUParticles2D/3D Properties

Property	Type	Description
emitting	bool	Start/stop emission
amount	int	Total particles alive at once
lifetime	float	Seconds each particle lives
one_shot	bool	Emit once then stop
preprocess	float	Simulate this many seconds before first frame
speed_scale	float	Time multiplier for particle physics
explosiveness	float	0.0 = spread over lifetime, 1.0 = all at once
fixed_fps	int	Lock particle update rate (0 = match render FPS)
local_coords	bool	Particles move with the node (true) or stay in world (false)
draw_order	enum	Index, Lifetime, or Reverse Lifetime
amount_ratio	float	Fraction of particles to emit (0.0–1.0)

One-Shot vs Continuous

# Continuous emitter (fire, smoke, ambient dust)
$GPUParticles2D.one_shot = false
$GPUParticles2D.emitting = true

# One-shot burst (explosion, impact splash)
$GPUParticles2D.one_shot = true
$GPUParticles2D.emitting = false  # arm it
# Later, trigger:
$GPUParticles2D.restart()
$GPUParticles2D.emitting = true

// Continuous
var particles = GetNode<GpuParticles2D>("GPUParticles2D");
particles.OneShot = false;
particles.Emitting = true;

// One-shot burst
particles.OneShot = true;
particles.Emitting = false;
// Trigger:
particles.Restart();
particles.Emitting = true;

Local Billboard Alignment (Godot 4.7+)

GPUParticles3D gains TRANSFORM_ALIGN_LOCAL_BILLBOARD (= 4): each particle's Z axis faces the camera while preserving a given axis — X or Y, chosen via transform_align_axis. For billboarded particles, transform_align_channel_filter selects which custom channel to read to calculate their angle. ParticleProcessMaterial pairs this with per-axis rotation velocity: enable use_rotation_velocity_3d, then set rotation_velocity_3d_min/max (Vector3, on the particle's local axes) and optionally rotation_velocity_3d_curve (per-axis curve over lifetime).

# 3D only — billboard toward the camera while keeping the Y axis fixed.
# Assumes a ParticleProcessMaterial is assigned (section 1 setup).
$GPUParticles3D.transform_align = GPUParticles3D.TRANSFORM_ALIGN_LOCAL_BILLBOARD
$GPUParticles3D.transform_align_axis = RenderingServer.PARTICLES_ALIGN_AXIS_Y

var mat: ParticleProcessMaterial = $GPUParticles3D.process_material
mat.use_rotation_velocity_3d = true
mat.rotation_velocity_3d_min = Vector3(-2.0, 0.0, 0.0)
mat.rotation_velocity_3d_max = Vector3(2.0, 0.0, 0.0)

// Assumes a ParticleProcessMaterial is assigned (section 1 setup).
var particles = GetNode<GpuParticles3D>("GPUParticles3D");
particles.TransformAlign = GpuParticles3D.TransformAlignEnum.LocalBillboard;
particles.TransformAlignAxis = RenderingServer.ParticlesTransformAlignAxis.Y;

var mat = (ParticleProcessMaterial)particles.ProcessMaterial;
mat.UseRotationVelocity3D = true;
mat.RotationVelocity3DMin = new Vector3(-2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
mat.RotationVelocity3DMax = new Vector3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

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3. ParticleProcessMaterial — Essential Properties

The material drives per-particle behavior: emission shape (Point / Sphere / Box / Ring / Points / Directed Points), direction + spread + initial velocity, gravity, scale and color over lifetime (via scale_curve / color_ramp), damping, radial/tangential acceleration, and angular velocity.

See references/process-material-basics.md for the emission-shape table and GDScript + C# snippets for each property group.

Per-Axis 3D Scale & Rotation (Godot 4.7+)

Randomize scale and initial orientation per axis instead of uniformly. use_scale_3d enables scale_3d_min/max (Vector3 random scale per particle); use_rotation_3d enables rotation_3d_min/max (Vector3, degrees — works only in 3D).

mat.use_scale_3d = true
mat.scale_3d_min = Vector3(0.5, 1.0, 0.5)
mat.scale_3d_max = Vector3(1.0, 2.0, 1.0)

mat.use_rotation_3d = true  # 3D only
mat.rotation_3d_min = Vector3(0.0, -180.0, 0.0)  # degrees
mat.rotation_3d_max = Vector3(0.0, 180.0, 0.0)

mat.UseScale3D = true;
mat.Scale3DMin = new Vector3(0.5f, 1.0f, 0.5f);
mat.Scale3DMax = new Vector3(1.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f);

mat.UseRotation3D = true;  // 3D only
mat.Rotation3DMin = new Vector3(0.0f, -180.0f, 0.0f);  // degrees
mat.Rotation3DMax = new Vector3(0.0f, 180.0f, 0.0f);

Inheriting Emitter Scale (Godot 4.7+)

particle_flag_inherit_emitter_scale (default false): if true, particles inherit the scale of the emitter node. Has no effect when local_coords is true, since particles in local space are already affected by the emitter's scale.

mat.particle_flag_inherit_emitter_scale = true

mat.ParticleFlagInheritEmitterScale = true;

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4. Common VFX Recipes

The recipes most projects need: fire (2D, looped emission with hot-color gradient + scale-down), explosion burst (one-shot, high-amount short-lifetime), dust / footstep puff (one-shot, scale-up + rapid fade).

See references/vfx-recipes.md for ready-to-use GDScript wiring and recommended ParticleProcessMaterial settings for all three.

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5. Trails (Forward+ and Mobile only)

Set trail_enabled = true on GPUParticles2D/3D and assign a Mesh (RibbonTrailMesh or TubeTrailMesh). Trails are NOT supported in the Compatibility renderer.

See references/trails.md for the setup and trail-mesh-type comparison.

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6. Subemitters

A particle can spawn another particle scene at lifecycle events (birth, collision, death, manual). Configure via ParticleProcessMaterial.SubEmitterMode + subemitter property on the parent particles node.

See references/subemitters.md for trigger modes, scene setup, GDScript and C# (v1.6.0 parity), and limitations.

Note: With sub_emitter_keep_velocity = true (default false), subemitted particles inherit the parent particle's velocity when they spawn. This is unchanged in 4.7: a regression in 4.7 dev builds that broke the inheritance was fixed before 4.7 stable (GH-118062), so nothing needs migrating from 4.6.

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7. Attractors & Collision (3D)

GPUParticlesAttractor*3D (Box / Sphere / Vector Field) pulls particles toward a region. GPUParticlesCollision*3D (Box / Sphere / SDF / HeightField) lets particles bounce off geometry. Both Forward+/Mobile only; no 2D equivalents.

See references/attractors-and-collision.md for full setup of each attractor and collision type.

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8. Turbulence

Set turbulence_enabled = true on ParticleProcessMaterial and tune turbulence_noise_strength (0.5–2.0 typical), turbulence_noise_scale (lower = larger swirls), turbulence_noise_speed (animate the noise field). Cheap effect for "alive" smoke, fire, dust.

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9. Flipbook Animation (2D)

Sprite-sheet animated particles via ParticleProcessMaterial.AnimSpeedMin/Max + CanvasItemMaterial.ParticlesAnimHFrames/VFrames for the sheet layout. Particles cycle through frames over their lifetime.

See references/flipbook-animation.md for the full setup with GDScript + C# (v1.6.0 parity).

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10. Performance and Common Pitfalls

The biggest wins are the obvious ones: keep amount at the minimum that reads well, set fixed_fps = 30 for ambient systems, always set visibility_rect on 2D particles, and expose amount_ratio as a quality slider. Godot 4.7+ adds request_particles_process() for seeking a paused timeline.

Most "broken particles" reports are one of eleven known causes — invisible (no texture / no draw-pass mesh), vanishing (lifetime too short), one-shot not re-firing (needs restart() first), wrong direction (2D Y is inverted), or a base color silently overriding color_ramp.

Full performance table, the 4.7+ timeline-seek API, dynamic quality scaling (GDScript + C#), and the complete symptom/cause/fix table: references/performance-and-pitfalls.md

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11. Implementation Checklist

• Particle amount is set to the minimum needed for the visual effect
• lifetime matches the visual duration — not too short or too long
• one_shot is enabled for burst effects (explosions, impacts)
• preprocess is set for always-visible ambient effects (fire, smoke, dust)
• Emission shape matches the source geometry (sphere for explosions, box for area effects)
• color_ramp fades alpha to 0 at the end so particles don't vanish abruptly
• scale_curve shrinks particles over lifetime for natural fade
• local_coords is set correctly — true for attached effects, false for world-space
• One-shot particles are cleaned up with queue_free after lifetime + margin
• visibility_rect (2D) is set to prevent particles from being culled prematurely
• Dynamic quality scaling uses amount_ratio for player-accessible quality settings
• Performance-heavy features (turbulence, trails) are disabled on low-end targets