Encapsulation Analyzer

Overview

This skill analyzes PHP codebases for encapsulation violations — situations where internal state is exposed, getters/setters replace behavior, or the "Tell, Don't Ask" principle is violated.

Encapsulation Principles

Principle	Description	Violation Indicator
Information Hiding	Internal state not exposed	Public properties, many getters
Tell Don't Ask	Objects perform actions, not expose data	Getter chains, external decisions
Behavioral Richness	Objects have behavior, not just data	Anemic domain model
Invariant Protection	State changes validate constraints	Public setters without validation

Detection Patterns

Phase 1: Public Mutable State

# Public properties (non-readonly)
Grep: "public string|public int|public float|public bool|public array|public \?" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"

# Public properties in entities
Grep: "public \$|public string \$|public int \$" --glob "**/Entity/**/*.php"

# Expected: private/protected or public readonly
Grep: "public readonly|private readonly|protected readonly" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"

Violations:

// BAD: Public mutable state
class User
{
    public string $email;      // Can be modified externally!
    public int $age;           // No validation!
    public array $permissions; // Collection exposed!
}

// GOOD: Encapsulated state
final class User
{
    private Email $email;
    private Age $age;
    private PermissionCollection $permissions;

    public function changeEmail(Email $newEmail): void { /* ... */ }
    public function grantPermission(Permission $permission): void { /* ... */ }
}

Phase 2: Getter/Setter Abuse

# Getter/setter pairs (anemic model indicator)
Grep: "public function get[A-Z][a-z]+\(\)" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"
Grep: "public function set[A-Z][a-z]+\(" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"

# Count getters vs behavior methods
# High getter ratio = anemic model

# Setters in entities (should be behavior methods)
Grep: "public function set[A-Z]" --glob "**/Entity/**/*.php"
Grep: "public function set[A-Z]" --glob "**/Aggregate/**/*.php"

# Direct property setters
Grep: "\$this->[a-z]+ = \$" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"
# Check if inside validated method or public setter

Getter/Setter Anti-pattern:

// BAD: Anemic entity
class Order
{
    public function getStatus(): string { return $this->status; }
    public function setStatus(string $status): void { $this->status = $status; }
}

// External code makes decisions
if ($order->getStatus() === 'pending') {
    $order->setStatus('confirmed');
}

// GOOD: Rich entity
final class Order
{
    public function confirm(): void
    {
        if ($this->status !== OrderStatus::PENDING) {
            throw new CannotConfirmOrderException();
        }
        $this->status = OrderStatus::CONFIRMED;
        $this->recordEvent(new OrderConfirmedEvent($this->id));
    }
}

Phase 3: Tell Don't Ask Violations

# Getter chains (asking for data to make decisions)
Grep: "->get[A-Z][a-z]+\(\)->get[A-Z][a-z]+\(\)" --glob "**/*.php"
Grep: "if \(\$.*->get[A-Z].*->get[A-Z]" --glob "**/*.php"

# External conditionals on object state
Grep: "if \(\$[a-z]+->get[A-Z][a-z]+\(\) ===" --glob "**/*.php"
Grep: "if \(\$[a-z]+->is[A-Z][a-z]+\(\))" --glob "**/*.php"

# Switch on object state
Grep: "switch \(\$.*->get[A-Z]|match \(\$.*->get[A-Z]" --glob "**/*.php"

Tell Don't Ask Pattern:

// BAD: Ask then act
if ($user->getBalance()->getAmount() >= $payment->getAmount()) {
    $user->setBalance(
        $user->getBalance()->subtract($payment->getAmount())
    );
}

// GOOD: Tell
$user->pay($payment);

// Inside User
public function pay(Payment $payment): void
{
    if (!$this->balance->canAfford($payment->amount())) {
        throw new InsufficientBalanceException();
    }
    $this->balance = $this->balance->subtract($payment->amount());
    $this->recordEvent(new PaymentMadeEvent($this->id, $payment->id()));
}

Phase 4: Collection Exposure

# Returning mutable collections
Grep: "public function get[A-Z][a-z]+\(\): array" --glob "**/Entity/**/*.php" -A 3
# Check if returns internal array directly

# Doctrine collections exposed
Grep: "public function get[A-Z][a-z]+\(\): Collection" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"

# Array modifications outside entity
Grep: "\$.*->get[A-Z][a-z]+\(\)\[\]|array_push\(\$.*->get" --glob "**/*.php"

Collection Encapsulation:

// BAD: Collection exposed
class Order
{
    /** @return OrderItem[] */
    public function getItems(): array
    {
        return $this->items; // Internal array exposed!
    }
}

// External modification
$order->getItems()[] = $newItem; // Bypasses validation!

// GOOD: Collection encapsulated
final class Order
{
    public function addItem(Product $product, Quantity $quantity): void
    {
        $this->validateCanAddItem($product);
        $this->items[] = new OrderItem($product, $quantity);
        $this->recalculateTotal();
    }

    /** @return OrderItem[] */
    public function items(): array
    {
        return [...$this->items]; // Return copy
    }
}

Phase 5: Exposed Internals

# Internal state returned
Grep: "return \$this->[a-z]+;" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"
# Check if returning mutable objects

# Private field via reflection
Grep: "ReflectionClass|ReflectionProperty|setAccessible" --glob "**/*.php"

# Debug/dump methods exposing state
Grep: "public function toArray\(\)|public function dump\(\)|public function debug\(\)" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"

# Serialization exposing internals
Grep: "__serialize|__sleep|jsonSerialize" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php"

Phase 6: Constructor Injection Issues

# Too many dependencies (SRP violation indicator)
Grep: "__construct\(" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php" -A 15
# Count parameters

# Public constructor with complex setup
Grep: "public function __construct" --glob "**/Domain/**/*.php" -A 20
# Check for business logic in constructor

# Missing factory for complex construction
Grep: "new [A-Z][a-z]+Entity\(|new [A-Z][a-z]+Aggregate\(" --glob "**/Application/**/*.php"
# Complex instantiation outside factory

Report Format

# Encapsulation Analysis Report

## Summary

| Issue Type | Critical | Warning | Info |
|------------|----------|---------|------|
| Public Mutable State | 3 | 5 | - |
| Getter/Setter Abuse | 2 | 8 | 12 |
| Tell Don't Ask | 4 | 15 | - |
| Collection Exposure | 2 | 6 | - |
| Exposed Internals | 1 | 3 | 4 |

**Encapsulation Score: 68%**

## Critical Issues

### ENC-001: Public Mutable Properties
- **File:** `src/Domain/User/Entity/User.php:12`
- **Issue:** Public properties allow external modification
- **Code:**
  ```php
  public string $email;
  public string $name;
  public array $roles;

• Expected:

  private Email $email;
  private Name $name;
  private RoleCollection $roles;
  
  public function changeEmail(Email $email): void { /* validate */ }
  

• Skills: acc-create-entity, acc-create-value-object

ENC-002: Anemic Entity

• File: src/Domain/Order/Entity/Order.php
• Issue: 15 getters, 12 setters, 0 behavior methods
• Code:

  public function getStatus(): string { ... }
  public function setStatus(string $status): void { ... }
  

• Expected: Replace setters with behavior methods

  public function confirm(): void { /* validate and transition */ }
  public function ship(TrackingNumber $tracking): void { /* ... */ }
  public function cancel(CancellationReason $reason): void { /* ... */ }
  

• Skills: acc-create-entity

ENC-003: Collection Mutated Externally

• File: src/Application/Service/OrderService.php:45
• Issue: Adding items bypasses entity validation
• Code:

  $order->getItems()[] = $newItem;
  

• Expected:

  $order->addItem($product, $quantity);
  

Warning Issues

ENC-004: Tell Don't Ask Violation

• File: src/Application/Handler/ConfirmOrderHandler.php:34
• Issue: External logic should be in entity
• Code:

  if ($order->getStatus() === 'pending' &&
      $order->getPayment()->getStatus() === 'completed') {
      $order->setStatus('confirmed');
  }
  

• Expected:

  $order->confirm(); // Validation inside entity
  

ENC-005: Getter Chain

• File: src/Application/Service/ReportService.php:78
• Issue: Law of Demeter violation
• Code:

  $country = $user->getAddress()->getCity()->getCountry()->getName();
  

• Refactoring Options:
  1. Add shortcut: $user->countryName()
  2. Pass needed data: new Report($user->address()->countryName())

ENC-006: Internal Array Returned

• File: src/Domain/Order/Entity/Order.php:89
• Issue: Internal array returned by reference
• Code:

  public function getItems(): array
  {
      return $this->items;
  }
  

• Expected:

  /** @return OrderItem[] */
  public function items(): array
  {
      return [...$this->items]; // Return copy
  }
  

Metrics

Getter/Behavior Ratio

Entity	Getters	Setters	Behavior	Ratio	Status
User	8	5	3	4.3	⚠️ Poor
Order	15	12	2	13.5	❌ Anemic
Product	6	0	5	1.2	✅ Good
Payment	4	2	4	1.5	✅ Good

Target: Ratio < 2.0 (behaviors should outnumber getters)

Public State Exposure

Layer	Public Props	Readonly Props	Private Props
Domain	12 ❌	8	45
Application	0	23	15

Refactoring Recommendations

Immediate

1. Make all entity properties private
2. Replace setters with behavior methods
3. Return collection copies, not references

Short-term

4. Extract Value Objects for validated data
5. Add factory methods for complex construction
6. Remove getter chains (add shortcut methods)

Long-term

7. Review anemic entities for missing behavior
8. Consider CQRS to separate read/write models

## Encapsulation Patterns

### Rich Entity Example

```php
final class Order
{
    private OrderId $id;
    private CustomerId $customerId;
    private OrderStatus $status;
    private OrderItemCollection $items;
    private Money $total;
    private array $events = [];

    public static function create(CustomerId $customerId): self
    {
        $order = new self();
        $order->id = OrderId::generate();
        $order->customerId = $customerId;
        $order->status = OrderStatus::DRAFT;
        $order->items = new OrderItemCollection();
        $order->total = Money::zero();

        $order->recordEvent(new OrderCreatedEvent($order->id));

        return $order;
    }

    public function addItem(Product $product, Quantity $quantity): void
    {
        $this->assertDraft();

        $item = OrderItem::create($product, $quantity);
        $this->items = $this->items->add($item);
        $this->recalculateTotal();
    }

    public function submit(): void
    {
        $this->assertDraft();
        $this->assertHasItems();

        $this->status = OrderStatus::SUBMITTED;
        $this->recordEvent(new OrderSubmittedEvent($this->id));
    }

    // Query methods (no state exposure)
    public function id(): OrderId { return $this->id; }
    public function total(): Money { return $this->total; }
    public function isSubmitted(): bool { return $this->status->equals(OrderStatus::SUBMITTED); }

    private function assertDraft(): void
    {
        if (!$this->status->equals(OrderStatus::DRAFT)) {
            throw new OrderNotDraftException($this->id);
        }
    }
}

Quick Analysis Commands

# Check encapsulation
echo "=== Public Properties ===" && \
grep -rn "public string\|public int\|public array" --include="*.php" src/Domain/ | grep -v "readonly" && \
echo "=== Setter Methods ===" && \
grep -rn "public function set[A-Z]" --include="*.php" src/Domain/ && \
echo "=== Getter Chains ===" && \
grep -rn "->get[A-Z].*->get[A-Z].*->get[A-Z]" --include="*.php" src/ && \
echo "=== Tell Don't Ask ===" && \
grep -rn "if (\$.*->get[A-Z].*===\|switch (\$.*->get[A-Z]" --include="*.php" src/Application/

Integration

Works with:

• acc-detect-code-smells — Feature Envy, Anemic Model
• acc-structural-auditor — DDD compliance
• acc-create-entity — Generate rich entities
• acc-create-value-object — Encapsulated value types

References

• "Tell, Don't Ask" — Martin Fowler
• "Anemic Domain Model" — Martin Fowler
• "Object-Oriented Software Construction" (Bertrand Meyer)
• "Elegant Objects" (Yegor Bugayenko)