FMCSA Drug & Alcohol Clearinghouse — 49 CFR 382.701-727

The Clearinghouse is FMCSA's federal database of CDL driver drug & alcohol violations. Mandatory effective Jan 6, 2020. All testing violations must be reported; all employers must query.

Two query types

Query	Required When	Consent	Cost
Pre-Employment Full Query	Before hiring/contracting any CDL driver	Driver-specific electronic consent	$1.25
Annual Limited Query	At least once every 12 months for every active CDL driver	One-time blanket consent at hire	$1.25

Limited query returns "yes/no" — does this driver have any Clearinghouse records? If yes, you must then conduct a Full Query (with separate consent) within 24 hours to see details.

Full query returns: every violation, refusal, RTD status, follow-up status.

Reportable violations (49 CFR 382.705)

Employers, MROs, SAPs, and state licensing agencies report:

• Verified positive drug test (employer + MRO each report)
• Verified positive alcohol test (≥ 0.04)
• Test refusal (any of the 9 refusal reasons under 49 CFR 40.191)
• Actual knowledge violation (saw the driver drinking on duty, etc.)
• RTD test results
• SAP "successful completion" reports
• Follow-up test results

Reporting deadline: 3 business days for most violations.

Driver "prohibited" status

A driver is "prohibited" from operating a CMV in safety-sensitive functions when they have:

• Any violation that hasn't been resolved through SAP + RTD test, OR
• A positive pre-employment test (until SAP completion)

A "prohibited" driver appears as such in Clearinghouse queries. They cannot be hired, retained in CDL function, or re-instated until they complete SAP + RTD.

How to register & use the portal

For employers:

1. Go to clearinghouse.fmcsa.dot.gov
2. Create an account with FMCSA Portal credentials (or USDOT-tied login)
3. Establish your designated Consortium/Third-Party Administrator (C/TPA) if applicable
4. Purchase query credits (or buy a "Query Plan" annual subscription)
5. Use the portal to query individual drivers OR batch upload a CSV of drivers for annual limited queries

Consent forms

The Clearinghouse-mandated consent forms are:

• Full Query Consent (electronic, driver-signed in the Clearinghouse portal) — required for each Full Query
• Limited Query Consent (paper, blanket, one-time) — required to perform Limited Queries on this driver for the duration of employment

Critical: The Limited Query Consent does NOT cover Full Queries. You must obtain separate Full Query consent for the pre-employment query.

C/TPA (Consortium / Third-Party Administrator)

Smaller carriers often designate a C/TPA (e.g., DISA, US HealthWorks, or any DOT-compliant TPA) to handle:

• Random selection pool management
• Clearinghouse queries on the carrier's behalf
• Test result tracking
• MRO interface

The C/TPA is granted Clearinghouse access via the employer's designation. Cost is typically a per-driver-per-month subscription.

Query credit math

Query credits are pre-purchased. As of 2026:

• Single query: $1.25
• Annual unlimited query plans: not currently offered (you pay per query)
• Bulk discounts: minor (~$1.00 each at 1000+ credits)

For a 25-driver carrier:

• 25 × $1.25 pre-employment full queries (if all new hires) = $31
• 25 × $1.25 annual limited queries = $31
• Plus any post-violation follow-up queries
• ~$60-75/year for a stable fleet

The "prohibited driver" workflow

A driver shows up as prohibited in your query. Now what?

1. Remove from safety-sensitive function immediately (and document).
2. Provide the driver with a list of qualified SAPs.
3. The driver completes SAP evaluation + treatment + re-evaluation.
4. Driver passes a RTD test (drug and/or alcohol, observed).
5. SAP submits the "successful completion" to Clearinghouse.
6. Driver's status changes to "not prohibited" in Clearinghouse.
7. Driver can be returned to CMV duty.
8. Follow-up tests continue for 1-5 years per SAP schedule.

If a prohibited driver tries to operate, they violate 382.501; the carrier violates 382.215.

Common Clearinghouse mistakes

1. Pre-employment query was Limited instead of Full — common when carriers default to "Limited because it's cheaper." Limited returns yes/no only and may not satisfy pre-employment requirements.
2. Annual Limited query missed for an active driver — must be performed at least once every 12 months from the prior query.
3. Failed to obtain Limited Query Consent at hire — a Limited query without consent is a violation.
4. Carrier doesn't report a verified positive within 3 days — separate from MRO reporting; both must report.
5. Carrier hires a driver showing "prohibited" without remediation — violation under 382.703 + 382.219.

State licensing agency interface

As of 2024 amendments, state CDL licensing agencies (DMVs) also query the Clearinghouse and downgrade a CDL to a non-commercial license when the driver is prohibited. This is the "downgrade" provision and can happen without warning to a driver who hasn't resolved a Clearinghouse violation.

Where this fits in X3

X3 includes Clearinghouse query workflow in dq-files.html and surfaces "Clearinghouse status" on the driver record. vendor_orders can carry vendor='clearinghouse' orders for either Limited or Full query types. Once the FMCSA opens an API for employer queries (currently web-only), X3 will automate this.

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