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Assess an authorized Active Directory environment by simulating attacks against credentials, permissions, and trust relationships. Use BloodHound and related testing tools to identify paths to administrator access, evaluate detection capabilities, and document findings with remediation recommendations.

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• Assessing Active Directory security with written authorization
• Finding paths from ordinary users to administrator access
• Reviewing Kerberos and delegation settings

Investigate DCSync attacks, which abuse Active Directory replication to steal password hashes. Use audit events and network traffic to identify suspicious replication requests, examine their sources, and check for subsequent credential misuse.

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• Hunting for credential theft in Active Directory
• Investigating suspected Mimikatz or Impacket use
• Auditing accounts with directory replication permissions

Assess an internal network from the position of an intruder or malicious insider. Covers discovering systems, testing paths to other machines and higher privileges, demonstrating sensitive data access, and documenting findings with remediation recommendations.

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• Assessing damage possible after a workstation compromise
• Reviewing Active Directory paths to higher privileges
• Testing internal network security controls

Perform Kerberoasting attacks using Impacket's GetUserSPNs to extract and crack Kerberos TGS tickets for Active Directory service accounts.

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Assess exposure of Windows secrets protected by DPAPI, the operating system’s data protection service, during authorized security tests. Guide examination and decryption of saved credentials and browser data using available user sessions, credentials, or backup keys.

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• Assessing saved credential exposure in authorized tests
• Examining collected DPAPI files offline
• Reviewing protected browser and RDP credentials

Review lateral movement, the ways access spreads between systems, during authorized security tests. Covers credential reuse, remote execution, network tunnels, prerequisites, and the logs or defensive controls associated with each technique.

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• Compare lateral movement methods for an internal penetration test
• Plan tunnels across segmented networks
• Review detection logs and controls for lateral movement

Execute commands and binaries on remote Windows systems utilizing PsExec and SMB/RPC mechanisms. This skill details the mechanics behind tools like Sysinternals PsExec, Impacket's psexec.py, and their role in lateral movement via hidden administrative shares.

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Execute advanced Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) NTLM Relay attacks specifically targeting environments where SMB Signing is purportedly enabled but improperly configured (e.g., exclusively required on Domain Controllers but NOT enforced universally on standard Workstations or File Servers). Utilize powerful tools like Responder and Impacket's NTLMRelayX to coercively capture NTLMv2 authentications (via LLMNR, WPAD, or Coercion methods like PetitPotam) and seamlessly relay them across the network identically yielding immediate Local Administrator command execution.

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Execute a Kerberoasting attack to extract and systematically crack the NTLM hashes of Service Principal Name (SPN) accounts in an Active Directory environment. Uses tools like Rubeus, Impacket (GetUserSPNs), and Hashcat to achieve domain privilege escalation domain: cybersecurity

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Support authorized security assessments of Microsoft Active Directory with guidance on environment discovery, credential risks, authentication weaknesses, and privilege escalation. The material organizes tools and workflows for penetration testing and controlled training environments.

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• Planning an authorized Active Directory assessment
• Exploring attack paths with BloodHound
• Reviewing authentication and privilege weaknesses

Assess Windows and Active Directory identity security within an authorized scope. Map accounts and permissions, investigate authentication and certificate weaknesses, and document paths that could allow an attacker to gain greater access.

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• Mapping Active Directory privilege escalation paths
• Reviewing Kerberos authentication weaknesses
• Testing AD CS certificate configuration weaknesses

Assess whether stolen Kerberos tickets, credentials used for network authentication, can enable access to other systems during authorized testing. Guide ticket extraction and reuse, review detection indicators, and document evidence for security reports.

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• Authorized testing of access through reused tickets
• Checking detection of Kerberos ticket theft
• Collecting evidence for lateral movement reports

Assess forced authentication and NTLM relay, the forwarding of authentication to another service, in authorized Windows environments. Use Coercer and PetitPotam to document exposed methods and check detection coverage, signing requirements, and Extended Protection for Authentication safeguards.

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• Assessing exposed forced authentication methods
• Validating NTLM relay risks in authorized environments
• Generating activity to tune security detections

Support authorized Active Directory assessments of DCSync, which abuses directory replication rights to obtain credential data. Cover replication permission review, Golden Ticket persistence testing, detection validation, and documentation of evidence and remediation recommendations.

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• Reviewing accounts with directory replication rights
• Testing DCSync risks in an authorized lab
• Validating detection of replication abuse and forged tickets

Assess Active Directory security by mapping accounts, permissions, and paths to administrative access. The skill covers credential misuse, certificate service misconfigurations, movement between systems, and hybrid identity environments involving Entra ID.

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• Mapping paths to administrative access in Active Directory
• Reviewing ADCS certificate service configurations
• Assessing permissions, delegation, and group policies

Plan persistence testing for authorized Windows and Linux security exercises, examining how access can survive logons or restarts. The skill compares mechanisms by privilege level and environment, with validation steps, detection indicators, and cleanup considerations.

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• Planning persistence tests for authorized exercises
• Comparing methods by operating system and privilege
• Reviewing detection indicators for persistence

Abusing Active Directory object ACLs (DACL/ownership) for privilege escalation and lateral movement (GenericAll, GenericWrite, WriteDACL, WriteOwner, AddMember, ForceChangePassword, and replication rights via DS-Replication-Get-Changes-All). Use when BloodHound CE shows an outbound control edge from a principal you own toward a higher-value object, and you want the exact bloodyAD/impacket command to weaponize that ACE, plus detection and remediation. DCSync is covered here strictly as a post-compromise technique, not a user entry path.

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Kerberos-based Active Directory attacks driven by hand with standard tooling (Kerberoasting, AS-REP roasting, and delegation abuse: unconstrained, constrained/S4U, RBCD). Use when the target has SPN-bearing service accounts, accounts without pre-authentication, or delegation configured on computer/user objects, and you want the exact impacket/Rubeus/bloodyAD command, the hash format and hashcat mode, the Windows Event IDs that fire, and the remediation to write up.

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Authentication coercion (PetitPotam MS-EFSR, PrinterBug MS-RPRN, DFSCoerce MS-DFSNM) chained into NTLM relay (impacket ntlmrelayx) toward LDAP, AD CS web enrollment (ESC8), or SMB. Use when SMB signing is not enforced or LDAP channel binding is missing, and you want to force a privileged machine account to authenticate to your relay and turn that into RBCD, a DCSync-capable ACL grant, or a certificate. Includes the exact Coercer/ntlmrelayx commands, requirements, detection, and remediation.

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The order of operations for an Active Directory penetration test: setup, collection, exploitation, post-processing. Use this whenever you are planning or driving an AD assessment and need to know what to run before what and why (map before you exploit; harvest easy credentials before spraying to avoid lockouts; collect the graph before you reason about paths). Covers phase sequencing with standard tooling: netexec/nxc, impacket, certipy, bloodyAD, kerbrute, BloodHound CE. Invoke it at the start of an engagement, when deciding the next phase, or when a step feels out of order.

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Real-world Active Directory environment constraints that silently break attacks when ignored: NTLM disabled (Kerberos fallback), AES-only KDCs (RC4 blocked by GPO), LDAP signing and channel binding requiring LDAPS on 636, Kerberos clock skew (KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW), SPNs that must be FQDNs never short names or IPs (the misleading invalidCredentials), Protected Users / LAPS / gMSA / MachineAccountQuota, LDAP 1000-object paging, and VPN latency. Use this whenever a bind, TGT request, LDAP query, or SMB negotiation fails in a way that looks like bad credentials but is really hardening, or before running any AD tooling against a domain you have not fingerprinted. Standard-tooling knowledge (netexec, impacket, certipy, bloodyAD, kerbrute), no vendor-specific engine.

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Executes authorized attack simulations against Active Directory environments to identify misconfigurations, weak credentials, dangerous privilege paths, and exploitable trust relationships that could lead to domain compromise. The tester uses BloodHound for attack path analysis, Mimikatz for credential extraction, and Impacket for protocol-level attacks including Kerberoasting, AS-REP Roasting, and delegation abuse. Activates for requests involving Active Directory pentest, AD attack simulation, domain compromise testing, or Kerberos attack assessment.

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Post-exploitation workflow. Covers privilege escalation (Linux SUID/sudo/kernel, Windows UAC/service/token), persistence assessment, local enumeration, credential harvesting, and pivot preparation. Structured workflows for Linux and Windows targets using impacket, netexec, john, linpeas/winpeas, and standard Kali tools. Includes kernel exploit reference tables, GTFOBins exploitation chains, Potato attack selection, Docker/container escapes, DLL hijacking, SSH key harvesting, credential recovery from memory, and Windows token manipulation. Chains from /pentester or /credential-audit when access is obtained.

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Execute lateral movement within Active Directory environments using credential material (NTLM hashes and Kerberos tickets) instead of plaintext passwords. Use this skill when engaging in red team operations or internal network penetration tests to expand access, bypass authentication portals, and achieve Domain Dominance without relying on crackable passwords.

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